Table 3 Swing phase joint work data for each grade and speed condition. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. speed 1: 5k pace + 1:00 min/mile; speed 2: 5k pace + 0:30 min/mile; speed 3: 5k pace. * significant main effect of grade, UH v. LG (p < 0.05); ‡ significant main effect of grade, DH v. LG (p < 0.05); † significant main effect of speed interval, DH v. LG (p < 0.05); § significant grade-by-speed interval interaction effect, DH v. LG (p < 0.05).

From: Biomechanical strategies to achieve faster running speeds on level ground, uphill and downhill grades

 

Level Ground

Uphill

Downhill

Hip

   

Swing Phase Negative Work (J/kg)*

   

Speed 1

0.065 ± 0.033

0.089 ± 0.040

0.057 ± 0.028

Speed 2

0.076 ± 0.034

0.102 ± 0.045

0.078 ± 0.039

Speed 3

0.086 ± 0.039

0.125 ± 0.057

0.090 ± 0.048

Swing Phase Positive Work (J/kg) *‡

   

Speed 1

0.515 ± 0.149

0.808 ± 0.203

0.347 ± 0.110

Speed 2

0.575 ± 0.159

0.926 ± 0.235

0.372 ± 0.112

Speed 3

0.643 ± 0.165

1.043 ± 0.269

0.429 ± 0.137

Knee

   

Swing Phase Negative Work (J/kg) *†‡

   

Speed 1

0.612 ± 0.126

0.710 ± 0.143

0.501 ± 0.145

Speed 2

0.667 ± 0.146

0.804 ± 0.164

0.540 ± 0.152

Speed 3

0.743 ± 0.159

0.917 ± 0.212

0.605 ± 0.181

Swing Phase Positive Work (J/kg)

   

Speed 1

0.038 ± 0.019

0.010 ± 0.010

0.053 ± 0.031

Speed 2

0.041 ± 0.023

0.013 ± 0.014

0.053 ± 0.031

Speed 3

0.044 ± 0.023

0.018 ± 0.018

0.059 ± 0.036

Ankle

   

Stance Phase Negative Work (J/kg) §

   

Speed 1

0.004 ± 0.001

0.005 ± 0.001

0.005 ± 0.002

Speed 2

0.004 ± 0.001

0.006 ± 0.002

0.005 ± 0.002

Speed 3

0.005 ± 0.002

0.006 ± 0.002

0.006 ± 0.002

Swing Phase Positive Work (J/kg)

   

Speed 1

0.017 ± 0.003

0.021 ± 0.004

0.013 ± 0.003

Speed 2

0.018 ± 0.004

0.023 ± 0.005

0.013 ± 0.002

Speed 3

0.019 ± 0.005

0.026 ± 0.005

0.015 ± 0.003

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