Fig. 4

Functional network connectivity differences between AO and HC groups. (a) Ring diagram illustrating increased connectivity between the DMN and FPN_L in the AO group compared to the HC group. The color bar represents log-transformed p-values (log10), with positive values indicating stronger connectivity in the AO group. (b) Matrix plot showing significant FNC differences between RSNs. Yellow squares represent significant FNC differences (p < 0.05, FDR-corrected), with warmer colors indicating increased connectivity in the AO group. (c) FNC between the DMN and FPN_L is significantly higher in the AO group (95% CI, − 0.30 to − 0.11, p < 0.001). (d) In the HC group, FNC between the DMN and FPN_L is positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.6066, p = 0.0017 × 4 < 0.05), but no such correlation is observed in the AO group (r = 0.0472, p > 0.05). DMN default mode network; FPN_L left frontoparietal network; FNC Functional network connectivity; AO abdominal obesity; HC healthy control; BMI body mass index.