Table 6 Comparison of performance evaluation index of different models.

Model	C25 concrete				C30 concrete				HRB400 steel bars
Model	MAPE	RMSE	R²	Time/s	MAPE	RMSE	R²	Time/s	MAPE	RMSE	R²	Time/s
RF	6.27%	0.452	0.861	45.1	6.73%	0.167	0.873	43.5	6.31%	0.172	0.887	42.5
XGBoost	5.23%	0.424	0.893	40.7	5.71%	0.142	0.902	41.4	5.44%	0.154	0.909	38.6
PGNN	4.42%	0.395	0.939	69.7	4.90%	0.132	0.947	68.0	5.31%	0.143	0.958	65.3
SSA-BP	3.95%	0.216	0.961	30.4	4.73%	0.097	0.970	32.6	3.60%	0.125	0.986	30.4
SSA-PGNN	3.29%	0.140	0.979	29.8	4.04%	0.079	0.983	30.7	2.43%	0.114	0.992	28.7

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