Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients stratified by post-index mean HbA1c for all-cause mortality outcome.

From: Glycemic levels and cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes: A cohort study of drugs with different hypoglycemic potentials

  

Users of low-hypoglycemic-risk drugs

Users of high-hypoglycemic-risk drugs

  

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

Quintile 3

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

 

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

Quintile 3

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

 
  

N = 637

N = 639

N = 639

N = 638

N = 638

p value

N = 719

N = 723

N = 717

N = 720

N = 719

p value

Post-index HbA1c (%), mean (SD)

5.8 (0.6)

6.5 (0.1)

6.8 (0.1)

7.2 (0.1)

8.5 (1.7)

< 0.001

6.0 (0.5)

6.8 (0.1)

7.2 (0.1)

7.7 (0.2)

9.4 (2.8)

< 0.001

Age, years, mean (SD)

62 (13.4)

62.6 (11.7)

61 (11.5)

59.6 (11.4)

58.2 (13.3)

< 0.001

60.4 (13.2)

58.4 (12.0)

57.5 (11.2)

56.1 (11.3)

55.3 (12.4)

< 0.001

Male, n (%)

346 (54.3)

333 (52.1)

328 (51.3)

330 (51.7)

342 (53.6)

0.79

415 (57.7)

424 (58.6)

417 (58.2)

382 (53.1)

392 (54.5)

0.126

Comorbidity, n (%)

            
 

Coronary artery disease

151 (23.7)

155 (24.3)

160 (25.0)

138 (21.6)

137 (21.5)

0.46

101 (14.1)

88 (12.2)

81 (11.3)

70 (9.7)

65 (9.0)

0.022

 

Congestive heart failure

34 (5.3)

25 (3.9)

14 (2.2)

28 (4.4)

31 (4.9)

0.051

23 (3.2)

15 (2.1)

23 (3.2)

14 (1.9)

15 (2.1)

0.30

 

Atrial fibrillation

12 (1.9)

13 (2.0)

7 (1.1)

5 (0.8)

8 (1.3)

0.27

10*

3 (0.4)

2 (0.3)

0.50

 

Peripheral vascular disease

7 (1.1)

8 (1.3)

5 (0.8)

9 (1.4)

3 (0.5)

0.45

8 (1.1)

4 (0.6)

3 (0.4)

9 (1.3)

5 (0.7)

0.33

 

Cerebrovascular disease

50 (7.9)

41 (6.4)

26 (4.1)

28 (4.4)

44 (6.9)

0.016

63 (8.8)

34 (4.7)

41 (5.7)

28 (3.9)

44 (6.1)

0.001

 

Hypertension

382 (60.0)

394 (61.7)

369 (57.8)

364 (57.1)

335 (52.5)

0.013

352 (49.0)

300 (41.5)

289 (40.3)

291 (40.4)

282 (39.2)

0.001

 

Hyperlipidemia

311 (48.8)

369 (57.8)

370 (57.9)

360 (56.4)

288 (45.1)

< 0.001

231 (32.1)

278 (38.5)

304 (42.4)

305 (42.4)

215 (29.9)

< 0.001

 

Chronic kidney disease

135 (21.2)

116 (18.2)

107 (16.7)

90 (14.1)

98 (15.4)

0.009

104 (14.5)

64 (8.9)

70 (9.8)

62 (8.6)

78 (10.9)

0.002

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), n (%)

           
 

≥ 60

488 (76.6)

554 (86.7)

563 (88.1)

576 (90.3)

570 (89.3)

< 0.001

595 (82.8)

667 (92.3)

667 (93.0)

667 (92.6)

663 (92.2)

< 0.001

 

30–59

117 (18.4)

77 (12.1)

71 (11.1)

59 (9.2)

63 (9.9)

 

108 (15.0)

49 (6.8)

44 (6.1)

47 (6.5)

43 (6.0)

 
 

< 30

32 (5.0)

8 (1.3)

5 (0.8)

3 (0.5)

5 (0.8)

 

16 (2.2)

7 (1.0)

6 (0.8)

6 (0.8)

13 (1.8)

 

Charlson–Deyo Comorbidity Index, mean (SD)

1.7 (1.5)

1.5 (1.3)

1.5 (1.2)

1.4 (1.1)

1.4 (1.3)

< 0.001

1.3 (1.2)

1.1 (1.0)

1.2 (1.1)

1.1 (1.0)

1.1 (1.2)

0.064

Diabetes Complications Severity Index, mean (SD)

1.2 (1.6)

1.1 (1.5)

0.8 (1.2)

0.8 (1.2)

0.8 (1.3)

< 0.001

0.7 (1.2)

0.5 (0.9)

0.5 (1.1)

0.4 (1.0)

0.5 (1.0)

< 0.001

Multimorbidity Frailty Index

           
 

Mean score (SD)

5.1 (4.5)

4.6 (4.0)

4.3 (3.8)

4.2 (3.8)

4.1 (4.1)

< 0.001

3.7 (4.3)

2.8 (3.3)

2.8 (3.5)

2.5 (3.1)

2.5 (3.4)

< 0.001

 

Fit (0 to < 5.25)

349 (54.8)

367 (57.4)

388 (60.7)

400 (62.7)

413 (64.7)

0.009

496 (69.0)

543 (75.1)

553 (77.1)

574 (79.7)

578 (80.4)

< 0.001

 

Mild frailty (5.25 to < 10.5)

219 (34.4)

222 (34.7)

198 (31.0)

193 (30.3)

178 (27.9)

 

165 (23.0)

162 (22.4)

138 (19.3)

128 (17.8)

117 (16.3)

 
 

Moderate and severe frailty (≥ 10.5)

69 (10.8)

50 (7.8)

53 (8.3)

45 (7.1)

47 (7.4)

 

58 (8.1)

18 (2.5)

26 (3.6)

18 (2.5)

24 (3.3)

 

Medications at baseline, n (%)

           
 

Diuretics

135 (21.2)

90 (14.1)

76 (11.9)

82 (12.9)

98 (15.4)

< 0.001

100 (13.9)

66 (9.1)

84 (11.7)

66 (9.2)

83 (11.5)

0.019

 

ACE inhibitors

28 (4.4)

22 (3.4)

28 (4.4)

27 (4.2)

28 (4.4)

0.90

32 (4.5)

30 (4.2)

29 (4.0)

26 (3.6)

24 (3.3)

0.83

 

ARB

354 (55.6)

349 (54.6)

317 (49.6)

322 (50.5)

314 (49.2)

0.060

294 (40.9)

259 (35.8)

264 (36.8)

256 (35.6)

259 (36.0)

0.196

 

Beta-blockers

248 (38.9)

239 (37.4)

218 (34.1)

217 (34.0)

206 (32.3)

0.081

215 (29.9)

153 (21.2)

182 (25.4)

171 (23.8)

167 (23.2)

0.002

 

Calcium channel blockers

245 (38.5)

227 (35.5)

209 (32.7)

200 (31.4)

220 (34.5)

0.077

241 (33.5)

186 (25.7)

181 (25.2)

185 (25.7)

176 (24.5)

0.001

 

Alpha-blockers

22 (3.5)

22 (3.4)

16 (2.5)

23 (3.6)

23 (3.6)

0.79

34 (4.7)

14 (1.9)

18 (2.5)

13 (1.8)

27 (3.8)

0.0031

 

Statin

382 (60.0)

450 (70.4)

418 (65.4)

418 (65.5)

381 (59.7)

< 0.001

343 (47.7)

366 (50.6)

394 (55.0)

390 (54.2)

313 (43.5)

< 0.001

 

Aspirin

164 (25.8)

185 (29.0)

162 (25.4)

149 (23.4)

158 (24.8)

0.22

164 (22.8)

143 (19.8)

136 (19.0)

138 (19.2)

133 (18.5)

0.25

 

P2Y12 inhibitors

71 (11.2)

68 (10.6)

53 (8.3)

44 (6.9)

41 (6.4)

0.005

32 (4.5)

25 (3.5)

33 (4.6)

21 (2.9)

28 (3.9)

0.44

 

Anticoagulants

19 (3.0)

18 (2.8)

10 (1.6)

12 (1.9)

12 (1.9)

0.32

4 (0.6)

8 (1.1)

4 (0.6)

2 (0.3)

5 (0.7)

0.39

Laboratory data at baseline, mean (SD)

          
 

HbA1c (%)

7.1 (1.9)

7.4 (2.0)

7.5 (1.1)

7.9 (1.4)

8.8 (2.0)

< 0.001

8.3 (2.4)

8.8 (2.6)

9.1 (2.4)

9.1 (2.0)

10.0 (2.3)

< 0.001

 

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

166.1 (129.3)

162.2 (109.1)

166.7 (116.6)

167.9 (114.3)

205.9 (182.8)

< 0.001

211.3 (350.6)

182.9 (144.7)

217.7 (404.7)

213.7 (322.8)

237.5 (241.2)

0.020

 

LDL-C (mg/dl)

109.9 (36.8)

105.7 (31.5)

107.5 (33.8)

109.1 (33.0)

116.9 (38.0)

< 0.001

118.3 (39.0)

116.1 (36.6)

121.9 (37.9)

122.2 (37.8)

123.3 (41.2)

0.001

 

Creatinine (mg/dl)

1.6 (6.0)

1.1 (3.5)

1.3 (5.5)

1.4 (6.4)

1.2 (3.9)

0.40

1.1 (3.9)

1.2 (5.8)

1.5 (9.8)

1.0 (3.5)

0.9 (0.7)

0.32

SGLT2i or GLP-1 RA during follow-up period, n (%)

184 (28.9)

181 (28.3)

215 (33.7)

211 (33.1)

195 (30.6)

0.14

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

  1. ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLP-1 RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SD, standard deviation; SGLT-2i, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. Charlson–Deyo Comorbidity Index = myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, dementia, chronic pulmonary disease, rheumatic disease, peptic ulcer disease, mild liver disease, diabetes, diabetes with chronic complications, hemiplegia or paraplegia, renal disease, moderate or severe liver disease, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
  2. *According to the guidelines of the Health and Welfare Data Science Center, statistical data with fewer than three cases cannot be exported.
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