Table 3 Comparison of normalized electromyography activity between sarcopenic patients and healthy older adults during gait cycle.

From: Lower extremity muscle activation patterns in sarcopenic older adults during physical performance tests: implications for rehabilitation approaches

Phase of gait cycle

Muscle

SAR

HEA

Z

p

ES

Gait cycle (0–100%)

GMax

1.61 (1.67)

1.11 (1.00)

-4.985

< 0.001

0.124

GMed

2.82 (3.10)

2.46 (2.82)

-2.278

0.023

0.057

RF

2.64 (2.42)

2.12 (1.50)

-2.080

0.038

0.062

VM

2.00 (2.39)

1.06 (1.41)

-13.468

< 0.001

0.335

VL

3.20 (3.59)

1.98 (2.39)

-8.088

< 0.001

0.201

BF

1.96 (2.73)

1.00 (1.05)

-3.741

< 0.001

0.093

GA

2.08 (2.51)

2.89 (3.50)

-3.116

0.002

0.077

TA

2.45 (2.38)

2.86 (2.77)

-2.084

0.037

0.052

Loading response (0–10%)

GMax

4.04 (2.74)

2.73 (1.36)

-3.045

0.002

0.230

GMed

7.00 (3.92)

4.80 (4.05)

-4.131

< 0.001

0.311

RF

5.91 (3.47)

4.02 (1.43)

-2.853

0.004

0.259

VM

5.81 (3.51)

3.49 (2.07)

-4.145

< 0.001

0.312

VL

10.20 (3.01)

6.44 (2.96)

-7.255

< 0.001

0.547

BF

4.78 (3.83)

1.92 (1.41)

-4.958

< 0.001

0.386

GA

1.07 (0.87)

1.03 (0.81)

-0.027

0.979

0.002

TA

5.47 (3.17)

6.32 (3.83)

-1.237

0.216

0.093

Mid-stance (10–30%)

GMax

2.03 (1.47)

1.32 (0.81)

-4.851

< 0.001

0.271

GMed

4.99 (3.26)

3.63 (3.34)

-4.271

< 0.001

0.239

RF

3.91 (2.67)

2.58 (1.57)

-4.356

< 0.001

0.294

VM

2.75 (2.25)

1.02 (0.72)

-8.840

< 0.001

0.494

VL

5.05 (3.32)

2.64 (1.76)

-6.948

< 0.001

0.388

BF

1.81 (1.58)

0.94 (0.70)

-5.076

< 0.001

0.293

GA

2.30 (1.99)

4.12 (2.79)

-6.561

< 0.001

0.367

TA

2.32 (1.68)

2.53 (2.29)

-0.608

0.543

0.034

Terminal stance (30–50%)

GMax

1.07 (0.84)

0.76 (0.49)

-2.372

0.018

0.133

GMed

2.65 (2.47)

2.00 (1.77)

-2.362

0.018

0.132

RF

2.26 (1.59)

1.61 (1.13)

-2.695

0.007

0.182

VM

1.38 (1.44)

0.44 (0.34)

-8.599

< 0.001

0.481

VL

1.94 (1.97)

0.78 (0.48)

-4.300

< 0.001

0.240

BF

1.25 (1.13)

0.46 (0.49)

-6.290

< 0.001

0.363

GA

5.33 (3.16)

7.18 (4.03)

-4.092

< 0.001

0.229

TA

0.79 (0.56)

0.84 (0.91)

-2.065

0.039

0.115

Pre-swing (50–60%)

GMax

0.91 (0.66)

0.66 (0.38)

-1.914

0.056

0.151

GMed

0.73 (0.38)

1.12 (1.01)

-1.877

0.061

0.148

RF

1.34 (0.72)

1.50 (1.00)

-0.450

0.653

0.043

VM

0.85 (0.73)

0.35 (0.31)

-6.603

< 0.001

0.522

VL

0.88 (0.59)

0.57 (0.35)

-3.382

< 0.001

0.267

BF

0.77 (0.58)

0.50 (0.64)

-3.714

< 0.001

0.303

GA

1.62 (1.49)

1.97 (3.21)

-2.529

0.011

0.200

TA

0.52 (0.42)

1.34 (1.47)

-4.075

< 0.001

0.322

Initial swing (60–73%)

GMax

1.04 (0.95)

0.90 (1.00)

-0.491

0.624

0.034

GMed

1.02 (0.49)

2.07 (3.11)

-2.226

0.026

0.154

RF

2.02 (1.16)

1.44 (0.90)

-3.569

< 0.001

0.298

VM

0.92 (0.53)

0.36 (0.31)

-8.910

< 0.001

0.618

VL

0.92 (0.46)

0.52 (0.28)

-6.313

< 0.001

0.438

BF

0.73 (0.59)

0.66 (0.54)

-1.333

0.183

0.095

GA

0.61 (0.55)

0.57 (0.79)

-1.210

0.226

0.084

TA

4.03 (2.22)

3.78 (2.10)

-0.256

0.798

0.018

Mid-swing (73–87%)

GMax

1.03 (0.85)

0.53 (0.31)

-3.431

< 0.001

0.229

GMed

1.03 (0.53)

1.36 (1.34)

-0.695

0.487

0.046

RF

0.98 (0.57)

1.29 (1.04)

-0.526

0.599

0.042

VM

0.55 (0.20)

0.41 (0.43)

-5.083

< 0.001

0.340

VL

0.85 (0.46)

0.74 (0.82)

-4.252

< 0.001

0.284

BF

1.57 (1.41)

0.89 (0.80)

-3.171

0.002

0.219

GA

0.63 (0.72)

1.02 (1.21)

-3.213

0.001

0.215

TA

2.91 (2.18)

3.00 (2.29)

-0.044

0.965

0.003

Terminal swing (87–100%)

GMax

1.48 (1.44)

1.12 (0.82)

-0.585

0.558

0.041

GMed

1.56 (1.27)

1.98 (2.00)

-0.417

0.677

0.029

RF

1.95 (1.38)

2.62 (1.38)

-3.118

0.002

0.261

VM

2.13 (2.08)

1.97 (1.68)

-0.661

0.508

0.046

VL

2.94 (2.18)

2.95 (2.25)

-0.200

0.841

0.014

BF

5.63 (4.21)

2.00 (1.40)

-5.921

< 0.001

0.424

GA

1.02 (1.22)

1.01 (0.91)

-1.557

0.119

0.108

TA

2.06 (1.65)

3.69 (2.56)

-4.980

< 0.001

0.346

  1. Significant values are in [bold].
  2. Note: Mann-Whitney U test was performed for between-group comparisons. Values are presented as Mean (SD) %. Effect size is presented as \(\left| r \right|\), calculated as \(\left| Z \right|/\sqrt N\). BF = biceps femoris; ES = effect size; GA = gastrocnemius medialis; GMax = gluteus maximus; GMed = gluteus medius; HEA = healthy older adults; RF = rectus femoris; SAR = sarcopenic patients; TA = tibialis anterior; VL = vastus lateralis; VM = vastus medialis.
Back to article page