Table 4 Comparison of normalized electromyography activity between sarcopenic patients and healthy older adults during repetitions and phases of the five times sit-to-stand test.

From: Lower extremity muscle activation patterns in sarcopenic older adults during physical performance tests: implications for rehabilitation approaches

  

SAR

HEA

Z

p

ES

GMax

Entire test

cycle

2.14 (2.41)

1.98 (2.48)

-5.295

< 0.001

0.076

Single

repetition

2.34 (1.33)

2.18 (1.31)

-0.619

0.536

0.089

Forward

1.66 (1.98)

1.99 (2.75)

-1.690

0.091

0.058

Upward

3.57 (2.90)

3.63 (3.30)

-0.516

0.606

0.015

Downward

1.94 (2.21)

1.49 (1.44)

-3.741

< 0.001

0.086

Backward

1.03 (1.20)

0.73 (1.23)

-6.323

< 0.001

0.212

GMed

Entire test

cycle

1.55 (1.29)

1.70 (1.59)

-1.105

0.269

0.016

Single

repetition

1.73 (0.51)

1.59 (1.26)

-0.866

0.386

0.125

Forward

1.14 (0.82)

1.41 (1.57)

-2.124

0.034

0.073

Upward

2.30 (1.76)

2.52 (1.77)

-2.309

0.021

0.066

Downward

1.37 (1.02)

1.70 (1.49)

-3.168

0.002

0.073

Backward

1.22 (0.89)

0.83 (0.82)

-8.567

< 0.001

0.287

RF

Entire test

cycle

10.35 (8.74)

9.37 (6.65)

-4.545

< 0.001

0.072

Single

repetition

8.67 (4.27)

9.52 (1.72)

-0.238

0.812

0.040

Forward

11.53 (11.64)

12.55 (10.06)

-4.610

< 0.001

0.175

Upward

12.02 (8.38)

9.96 (4.96)

-0.231

0.817

0.007

Downward

10.88 (7.86)

9.73 (5.61)

-2.559

0.010

0.066

Backward

5.93 (5.73)

4.68 (3.75)

-0.969

0.332

0.036

VM

Entire test

cycle

7.85 (8.28)

5.74 (6.65)

-11.697

< 0.001

0.169

Single

repetition

7.04 (3.02)

6.28 (2.55)

-1.815

0.070

0.262

Forward

8.41 (11.17)

8.73 (10.08)

-1.531

0.126

0.053

Upward

12.80 (8.12)

8.55 (6.05)

-9.555

< 0.001

0.272

Downward

7.58 (6.16)

4.61 (4.19)

-11.834

< 0.001

0.274

Backward

1.01 (1.13)

1.43 (4.41)

-11.811

< 0.001

0.399

VL

Entire test

cycle

8.10 (6.58)

9.51 (9.96)

-2.019

0.044

0.029

Single

repetition

8.58 (1.88)

8.97 (3.90)

-0.598

0.550

0.086

Forward

7.42 (8.50)

13.24 (15.39)

-1.828

0.068

0.064

Upward

13.39 (5.17)

15.00 (8.44)

-0.548

0.584

0.016

Downward

8.22 (4.29)

7.96 (6.34)

-5.854

< 0.001

0.135

Backward

1.11 (1.31)

1.71 (4.49)

-9.867

< 0.001

0.333

BF

Entire test cycle

1.89 (2.04)

1.26 (1.34)

-9.570

< 0.001

0.142

Single

repetition

1.60 (0.85)

1.03 (0.59)

-1.820

0.069

0.271

Forward

1.10 (1.18)

0.78 (0.96)

-4.330

< 0.001

0.153

Upward

2.96 (2.69)

1.91 (1.78)

-6.632

< 0.001

0.195

Downward

2.09 (1.76)

1.41 (1.16)

-7.954

< 0.001

0.190

Backward

0.77 (1.08)

0.48 (0.61)

-5.507

< 0.001

0.191

GA

Entire test

cycle

0.93 (1.13)

1.00 (1.19)

-3.675

< 0.001

0.053

Single

repetition

0.87 (0.40)

1.07 (0.59)

-0.186

0.853

0.027

Forward

0.42 (0.36)

0.47 (0.34)

-2.976

0.003

0.102

Upward

1.31 (1.41)

1.35 (1.26)

-2.706

0.007

0.077

Downward

1.18 (1.21)

1.25 (1.41)

-0.137

0.891

0.003

Backward

0.41 (0.45)

0.47 (0.57)

-1.965

0.049

0.066

TA

Entire test

cycle

4.75 (4.77)

5.57 (5.03)

-6.338

< 0.001

0.091

Single repetition

4.44 (1.20)

6.03 (1.75)

-1.670

0.095

0.241

Forward

6.42 (5.71)

7.78 (6.28)

-3.185

0.001

0.110

Upward

3.26 (3.98)

3.53 (4.11)

-1.571

0.116

0.045

Downward

6.48 (4.70)

6.95 (4.55)

-2.760

0.006

0.064

Backward

1.78 (2.01)

3.12 (3.58)

-6.688

< 0.001

0.225

  1. Significant values are in [bold].
  2. Notes: Mann-Whitney U test was performed for between-group comparisons. Values are presented as Mean (SD) %. Effect size is presented as \(\:\left|r\right|\), calculated as \(\:\left|Z\right|/\sqrt{N}\). BF = biceps femoris; ES = effect size; GA = gastrocnemius medialis; GMax = gluteus maximus; GMed = gluteus medius; HEA = healthy older adults; RF = rectus femoris; SAR = sarcopenic patients; TA = tibialis anterior; VL = vastus lateralis; VM = vastus medialis.
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