Table 5 Maximum and mean values of normalized EMG activity during the six-meter walk test and the five times sit-to-stand test.

From: Lower extremity muscle activation patterns in sarcopenic older adults during physical performance tests: implications for rehabilitation approaches

  

Maximum values (%)

Mean values (%)

SAR

HEA

Z

p

ES

SAR

HEA

Z

p

ES

6MWT

GMax

5.10 (3.45)

4.33 (1.87)

-0.789

0.430

0.088

1.61 (1.02)

1.11 (0.43)

-2.588

0.010

0.289

GMed

9.63 (5.04)

8.28 (6.14)

-1.203

0.229

0.134

2.82 (1.42)

2.46 (1.77)

-1.010

0.312

0.113

RF

7.45 (4.48)

4.98 (1.41)

-1.842

0.065

0.248

2.64 (1.36)

2.12 (1.11)

-1.775

0.076

0.239

VM

7.09 (4.10)

4.67 (2.56)

-2.386

0.017

0.267

2.00 (1.23)

1.07 (0.53)

-3.185

0.001

0.356

VL

12.53 (3.41)

8.74 (3.58)

-4.167

< 0.001

0.466

3.20 (1.29)

1.99 (0.74)

-4.061

< 0.001

0.454

BF

8.13 (4.90)

3.12 (1.73)

-4.906

< 0.001

0.566

2.25 (1.32)

1.00 (0.59)

-4.344

< 0.001

0.502

GA

7.71 (4.07)

10.91 (4.48)

-3.050

0.002

0.341

2.12 (0.99)

2.93 (1.00)

-3.252

0.001

0.364

TA

9.48 (2.21)

9.68 (3.69)

-0.462

0.644

0.052

2.51 (0.62)

2.90 (1.37)

-0.741

0.459

0.083

5STS

GMax

7.51 (6.08)

8.91 (6.09)

-1.010

0.312

0.146

2.15 (1.43)

1.98 (1.26)

-0.680

0.496

0.098

GMed

5.49 (2.87)

5.15 (3.02)

-0.227

0.821

0.033

1.55 (0.67)

1.70 (1.12)

-0.784

0.433

0.113

RF

29.69 (13.83)

32.84 (9.53)

-1.183

0.237

0.189

10.35 (6.31)

9.37 (1.69)

-0.141

0.888

0.226

VM

27.27 (13.91)

22.50 (11.84)

-0.495

0.621

0.071

7.86 (3.34)

5.74 (3.09)

-2.062

0.039

0.298

VL

24.34 (5.88)

33.78 (17.24)

-1.113

0.266

0.161

8.10 (1.71)

9.50 (3.78)

-0.309

0.757

0.045

BF

6.64 (4.51)

4.43 (2.48)

-1.729

0.084

0.257

1.89 (1.29)

1.26 (0.82)

-1.843

0.065

0.275

GM

4.86 (2.24)

5.30 (2.37)

-0.103

0.918

0.015

0.93 (0.40)

1.00 (0.50)

-0.206

0.837

0.297

TA

17.29 (4.86)

19.14 (4.05)

-1.278

0.201

0.184

4.75 (1.26)

5.57 (2.05)

-1.505

0.132

0.217

  1. Significant values are in [bold].
  2. Notes: Mann-Whitney U test was performed for between-group comparisons. Values are presented as Mean (SD) %. Effect size is presented as \(\:\left|r\right|\), calculated as \(\:\left|Z\right|/\sqrt{N}\). 5STS = five times sit-to-stand test; 6WMT = six-meter walk test; BF = biceps femoris; ES = effect size; GA = gastrocnemius medialis; GMax = gluteus maximus; GMed = gluteus medius; HEA = healthy older adults; RF = rectus femoris; SAR = sarcopenic patients; TA = tibialis anterior; VL = vastus lateralis; VM = vastus medialis.
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