Fig. 2

Multivariable Cox regression analysis after inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW). Forest plots show adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in the IPTW-balanced cohort. Red horizontal lines are for overall survival (OS), and blue horizontal lines are for cancer-specific survival (CSS). Reference lines at HR = 1 (null effect) are shown as a vertical black line.