Fig. 1

Joinpoint regression analysis of global age-standardized rates for SUDs in adolescents and young adults aged 10–24 years, 1990–2021 (both sexes): (A) ASIR, (B) ASPR, (C) ASMR, and (D) ASDR. AAPC, average annual percentage change; APC, annual percentage change; ASIR, age-standardized incidence rate; ASPR, age-standardized prevalence rate; ASMR, age-standardized mortality rate; ASDR, age-standardized rate of DALYs; DALYs, disability-adjusted life-years; SUDs, substance use disorders.