Fig. 2

Cytotoxicity of bacterial metabolites on KB and OSCC cancer cell lines, as well as normal fibroblast and HUVEC cells after 72 h incubation. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. untreated control group (Duncan’s test). Control: untreated cancer cell line. MRS: MRS-treated cell lines. Dla: cells treated with an in-market probiotic strain (Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum PTCC 1896). C9 + pronase: pronase-treated C9 secretion. C47 + pronase: pronase-treated C47 secretion. Dox: cells treated with the doxorubicin anticancer drug. Pac: cells treated with the anticancer drug paclitaxel.