Table 7 Technical Comparison.

From: Analysis of the factors influencing liver regeneration after hepatectomy in hepatocellular carcinoma patients and the relationship between liver regeneration and prognosis

Aspect

Laparoscopic Hepatectomy

Open Hepatectomy

Surgical Field Exposure

Relies on pneumoperitoneum and laparoscope (2D view, no tactile feedback).

Direct 3D visualization with tactile feedback.

Hilar Dissection

Requires precise manipulation (steep learning curve for Glissonean pedicle isolation).

More intuitive, suitable for complex anatomical variations.

Vascular Control

Primarily selective inflow occlusion (e.g., Glissonean approach); limited use of Pringle maneuver.

Flexible use of total (Pringle) or selective inflow occlusion.

Conversion Rate

5–15% (depends on surgeon expertise).

Not applicable.

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