Table 2 Weighted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for CKD across tea, coffee and caffeine intakes.

From: Association between coffee and caffeine consumption and chronic kidney disease

 

Cases/Control

Model 1a

Model 2b

OR (95% CIs)

P value

OR (95% CIs)

P value

Coffee (g/day) c

0

3,298/17,902

1 (Ref)

 

1 (Ref)

 

0.01 ~ 352.5

2,766/10,442

0.885(0.815,0.961)

0.004

0.918(0.845,0.998)

0.044

≥ 352.5

2,490/10,894

0.652(0.602,0.706)

< 0.001

0.760(0.701,0.823)

< 0.001

1 SD increment

 

0.853(0.819,0.888)

< 0.001

0.902(0.868,0.938)

< 0.001

Tea (g/day) c

0

5,813/26,833

1 (Ref)

 

1 (Ref)

 

> 0

2,741/12,405

0.860(0.797,0.929)

< 0.001

0.913(0.843,0.989)

0.025

1 SD increment

 

0.937(0.898,0.977)

0.003

0.955(0.919,0.993)

0.020

Total Caffeine (mg/day)c

< 44.5

3,007/12,699

1 (Ref)

 

1 (Ref)

 

44.5 ~ 153.00

2,990/12,963

0.884(0.820,0.952)

0.001

0.933(0.862,1.010)

0.054

≥ 153.00

2,557/13,576

0.640(0.591,0.692)

< 0.001

0.734(0.674,0.799)

< 0.001

1 SD increment

 

0.835(0.800,0.873)

< 0.001

0.876(0.840,0.914)

< 0.001

Caffeine from Tea and Coffee (mg/day) c

< 2.01

2,513/13,298

1 (Ref)

 

1 (Ref)

 

2.01 ~ 111.59

3,245/12,633

0.842(0.768,0.923)

< 0.001

0.903(0.822,0.993)

0.036

≥ 111.59

2,796/13,307

0.625(0.577,0.677)

< 0.001

0.748(0.686,0.814)

< 0.001

1 SD increment

 

0.836(0.800,0.873)

< 0.001

0.886(0.851,0.923)

< 0.001

Caffeine from Coffee (mg/day) c

0

3,302/17,928

1 (Ref)

 

1 (Ref)

 

0.01 ~ 109.50

2,911/10,242

0.878(0.808,0.956)

0.003

0.913(0.839,0.994)

0.036

≥ 109.50

2,341/11,068

0.657(0.607,0.710)

< 0.001

0.766(0.707,0.829)

< 0.001

1 SD increment

 

0.851(0.815,0.889)

< 0.001

0.901(0.865,0.938)

0.001

Caffeine from Tea (mg/day) c

0

6,016/27,898

1 (Ref)

 

1 (Ref)

 

> 0

2,538/11,340

0.875(0.811,0.945)

0.001

0.925(0.854,1.001)

0.053

1 SD increment

 

0.934(0.895,0.975)

0.002

0.948(0.911,0.987)

0.010

  1. Calculated using binary logistic regression.
  2. a Model 1 adjusted for age and sex.
  3. b Model 2 additionally adjusted for race, marital status, educational level, family income, body mass index, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol consumption, hypertension, diabetes, alternative healthy eating index and total daily energy intake (continuous, kcal/d).
  4. c Intake of total caffeine and caffeine from tea and coffee was segmented into tertiles. Intake of coffee and caffeine from coffee was divided into three categories. Participants with no consumption of coffee and caffeine from coffee were classified into group 1 (intake = 0), and individuals with consumption were divided into group 2 (< median) and group 3 (≥ median) based on its median intake (g/d) among the participants with consumption. Intake of tea and caffeine from tea was categoried into two group. No consumption of tea and caffeine from tea was classified into group 1 (intake = 0), individuals with consumption were divided into group 2.
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