Fig. 6

TZ modulated gut mycobiota composition, induced bacterial–fungal Community Shifts. (A) Co-abundance network of microbial species in the TZ-treated group relative to the AOM/DSS group. Red nodes indicate taxa enriched by TZ, whereas blue nodes represent taxa depleted under TZ treatment. Edges correspond to significant Spearman correlations (p < 0.05): red edges denote positive correlations, and green edges signify negative correlations. (B) Alpha diversity metrics. Observed species richness (left) and Shannon diversity index (right). (C) Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) based on a Bray–Curtis dissimilarity matrix. (D) Heatmap of differentially abundant bacterial taxa (left) and their correlations (right) with endpoint parameters. Differential abundance based on ANCOM-BC score (FDR < 0.1, p < 0.05, Fold change > 2 or < 1/2, LDA score (log10) > 2) were labelled with “*”. Color intensity is proportional to log2 transformed fold change (Treatment/Control), while size is proportional to the value of -log10 transformed adjusted p (FDR-corrected). Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6–10 per group). Comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. No “*” indicates p > 0.05; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001.