Table 3 Augmentation parameters.

From: Attention-Enhanced CNNs and transformers for accurate monkeypox and skin disease detection

Parameters

Constrains

Purpose

Rotation

± 90°

Introduces orientation variability to improve robustness

Zoom

[0.2, 1.0]

Simulates natural variations in MRI scans

Horizontal mirror

True

Ensures model resilience to anatomical differences

Vertical mirror

True

Expands/reduces image size to prevent overfitting

Width shift

0.15

Creates spatial variations to mimic real-world imaging conditions

Height shift

0.2

Introduces translational invariance

Shear

0.15

Distorts tumor structures to improve generalization