Table 3 Categorization of the findings from initial codes to final themes.
Initial coding | Grouped coding | Final theme |
|---|---|---|
Back pain from lifting; muscle strain from carrying heavy loads | Types of occupational health injuries | Understanding health risks |
Slipping on uneven surfaces; bruises from falls; impact injuries from falling bricks | ||
Cuts from saws, drills, and sharp tools; scratches from rough materials | ||
Fractured finger while carrying bricks; near bone break while plastering | ||
Knee, ankle, and joint injuries while lifting machines or bricks | ||
Head injuries from carrying materials on the head; risk during roof construction | ||
Eye irritation and watering from cement and dust exposure | Types of occupational health diseases | |
Skin itching, eczema, and scabies from cement and dirty environments | ||
Coughing, shortness of breath, and asthma-like symptoms | ||
Headaches and vertigo from heat, noise, and confined spaces | ||
Stress, anxiety, and depression from long hours and poor treatment | ||
No formal safety training provided | Safety training | Critical factors of health safety |
Absence of pre-job training programs | ||
Unskilled workers handling machines; risk of electrocution; substitute workers prone to injury | ||
Improper handling of tools due to lack of training | ||
No structured OHS orientation | ||
No proper safety briefing | ||
Workers unaware of safety practices | Safety education | |
Informal introduction to risky procedures | ||
Poor ability to identify unsafe conditions | ||
Low risk perception | ||
Workers refuse to wear PPE due to discomfort | Personal protective equipment (PPE) | |
Resistance to PPE; poor safety culture | ||
Contractors rarely provide PPE | ||
Improper use of PPE (e.g., gloves, helmets) | ||
Inadequate training on PPE usage | ||
Contractors unable to supervise multiple sites properly | Contractors’ supervision | |
Limited oversight; fragmented supervision | ||
Contractors gossiping or resting instead of monitoring | ||
Poor organization of work phases | Organization of the work | |
Multiple risky tasks happening simultaneously | ||
Disordered workflow; lack of priority | ||
No special safety communication or pre-task meetings | Contractors’ communication with workers | |
Contractors only communicate for productivity | ||
Workers not sharing safety experiences | ||
Workers think safety protocols hinder productivity | Construction workers’ safety beliefs | |
Junior workers forced into risky tasks by seniors | ||
Workers believe accidents are inevitable | ||
Preference for shortcuts under workload pressure | ||
Workers avoid hazard anticipation to “avoid accidents” | ||
Misguided safety beliefs | ||
