Fig. 8

Comparison of collagen content (CVF) and the expression of TGF-β1, α-SMA and IL-6(OD) among three groups at all time points. All parameters were quantitatively analyzed. SFB group exhibited consistently higher levels than SSB/PDS group (*p < 0.05 at indicated time points), while SSB and PDS groups showed comparable expression. Trends were largely consistent across all markers.