Table 4 CRPS values from the literature for solar forecasting across regions, lead times, and models.

Italy

1–6 h

0.15

AnEn

Alessandrini et al.⁴¹

USA (CO)

4 h

2–36% impr.

BMA

Doubleday et al.⁴²

USA (CA)

15 m

2.81 kW

SkyGPT

Nei et al.l⁴³.

Switzerland

15–120 m

15% impr.

SHADECast

Carpentieri et al.⁴⁴

Switzerland

Intraday

9% impr.

SolarSTEPS

Carpentieri et al.⁴⁵