Fig. 1

(a) Schematic of electrode fabrication using screen-printing; and illustrations of lithium-ion flow in (b) conventional electrode, (c) proposed electrode with SPNs, (d) free flow of lithium ions through the SPNs with low tortuosity, (e) cross-section SEM images showing the pore in the electrode, and (f) thickness measurement (54 ± 4.0 μm) of the electrode. (Note: Schematics in Fig. 1a–d are purely for illustration purpose.)