Table 1 Demographic and baseline characteristics of patients with and without diabetic kidney disease.
Characteristic | Overall | Non-DKD | DKD | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 227 | N = 113 | N = 114 | ||
Gender (%) | 0.714 | |||
Male | 146 (64.3) | 74 (65.5) | 72 (63.2) | |
Female | 81 (35.7) | 38 (34.5) | 43 (36.8) | |
Age (years) | 60.0 (52.5, 68.0) | 58.0 (50.0, 65.0) | 61.0 (56.3, 69.0) | 0.002** |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.14 (21.78, 25.87) | 24.22 (21.45, 26.08) | 23.88 (22.03, 25.57) | 0.985 |
SBP (mmHg) | 133 (120, 146) | 129 (118, 139) | 139 (125, 153) | < 0.001*** |
DBP (mmHg) | 79 (72, 85) | 79 (70, 85) | 79 (72, 85) | 0.711 |
Hypertension (%) | < 0.001*** | |||
No | 98 (43.2) | 64 (56.6) | 34 (29.8) | |
Yes | 129 (56.8) | 49 (43.4) | 80 (70.2) | |
Hyperlipidemia (%) | 0.638 | |||
No | 121 (53.3) | 62 (54.9) | 59 (51.8) | |
Yes | 106 (46.7) | 51 (45.1) | 55 (48.2) | |
Cardiovascular diseases (%) | 0.016* | |||
No | 141 (62.1) | 79 (69.9) | 62 (54.4) | |
Yes | 86 (37.9) | 34 (30.1) | 52 (45.6) | |
Smoking status (%) | 0.357 | |||
Never smoker | 151 (66.5) | 73 (64.6) | 78 (68.4) | |
Former smoker | 24 (10.6) | 10 (8.8) | 14 (12.3) | |
Current smoker | 52 (22.9) | 30 (26.5) | 22 (19.3) | |
Alcohol consumption (%) | 0.214 | |||
No | 167 (73.6) | 79 (69.9) | 88 (77.2) | |
Yes | 60 (26.4) | 34 (30.1) | 26 (22.8) | |
Course of diabetes (years) | 10.00 (4.50, 16.00) | 6.00 (2.00, 12.00) | 10.00 (10.00, 18.75) | < 0.001*** |
Complications of diabetes (%) | ||||
Peripheral neuropathy | 186 (81.9) | 90 (79.6) | 96 (84.2) | 0.371 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 129 (58.6) | 62 (54.9) | 67 (58.8) | 0.553 |
Retinopathy | 84 (37.0) | 22 (19.5) | 62 (54.4) | < 0.001*** |
Diabetic foot | 12 (5.3) | 5 (4.4) | 7 (6.1) | 0.564 |
FBG (mmol/L) | 7.55 (6.24, 9.49) | 7.43 (6.20, 9.28) | 7.59 (6.43, 9.61) | 0.228 |
2 h-PG (mmol/L) | 15.28 ± 5.05 | 15.35 ± 4.97 | 15.21 ± 5.15 | 0.839 |
HbA1c (%) | 8.60 (7.15, 9.90) | 8.80 (7.30, 10.50) | 8.30 (7.10, 9.30) | 0.014* |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.78 (1.20, 2.73) | 1.78 (1.08, 2.92) | 1.82 (1.37, 2.63) | 0.445 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.68 (3.91, 5.56) | 4.77 (3.92, 5.61) | 4.66 (3.78, 5.56) | 0.729 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.12 (0.95, 1.33) | 1.14 (0.98, 1.33) | 1.07 (0.91, 1.33) | 0.320 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.04 (2.37, 3.62) | 3.07 (2.47, 3.72) | 3.01 (2.27, 3.60) | 0.526 |
BUN (mmol/L) | 6.32 (5.01, 8.08) | 5.67 (4.60, 6.44) | 7.75 (5.82, 10.79) | < 0.001*** |
Scr (µmol/L) | 79.00 (65.00, 110.50) | 67.20 (58.70, 79.60) | 102.55 (78.23, 157.50) | < 0.001*** |
UA (µmol/L) | 353.50 (276.70, 420.65) | 315.00 (264.30, 387.30) | 383.85 (306.33, 449.28) | < 0.001*** |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 85.41 (55.11, 102.96) | 99.71 (87.29, 114.61) | 56.43 (33.23, 81.86) | < 0.001*** |
UmALB (mg/L) | 35 (12, 328) | 12 (9, 17) | 328 (83, 1,530) | < 0.001*** |
UACR (mg/g) | 31.90 (10.96, 482.74) | 11.00 (8.06, 17.26) | 482.74 (112.71, 2,599.88) | < 0.001*** |
GFR categories (%) | < 0.001*** | |||
G1 (≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 102 (44.9) | 80 (70.8) | 22 (19.3) | |
G2 (60–89 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 60 (26.4) | 27 (23.9) | 33 (28.9) | |
G3a (45–59 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 23 (10.1) | 4 (3.5) | 19 (16.7) | |
G3b (40–44 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 15 (6.6) | 0 | 15 (13.2) | |
G4 (15–29 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 18 (7.9) | 1 (0.9) | 17 (14.9) | |
G5 (< 15 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 9 (4.0) | 1 (0.9) | 8 (7.0) | |
Albuminuria categories (%) | < 0.001*** | |||
A1 (< 30 mg/g) | 110 (48.5) | 106 (93.8) | 4 (3.5) | |
A2 (30–299 mg/g) | 52 (22.9) | 6 (5.3) | 46 (40.4) | |
A3 (≥ 300 mg/g) | 65 (28.6) | 1 (0.9) | 64 (56.1) | |
JAML (pg/mL) | 278.48 (206.56, 348.44) | 242.19 (162.04, 295.31) | 315.79 (266.83, 443.71) | < 0.001*** |
Nesfatin-1 (pg/mL) | 626.90 (515.53, 713.49) | 665.75 (579.62, 751.59) | 563.22 (419.45, 668.57) | < 0.001*** |
25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 21.62 (16.69, 26.84) | 23.60 (19.63, 27.76) | 19.57 (13.09, 25.09) | < 0.001*** |
