Fig. 1

Study design. (A) Aerial photo of the experimental site and landscapes (10 × 10 m each). (B) Experimental design forms a double gradient of habitat loss and fragmentation across all possibilities (grey surface). Selected levels are displayed as red and blue dots. ECA, the equivalent connected area is a measure of habitat reachability and is here calculated for a mean movement distance of 1 m. (C) Example of an experimental landscape with 75% habitat loss where patches and matrix can be seen, corresponds to blue dot in B.