Table 1 Baseline characteristics and clinical data after hospitalization of study population.

From: Evaluating the predictive performance of PIRO score against six clinical prediction scores for COVID-19 outcomes in the emergency department

Variables

Total (n = 374)

28-day survival (n = 254)

28-day mortality (n = 120)

p-Value

Demographic data

Sex, male, n (%)

244 (65%)

157 (62%)

87 (73%)

0.043*

Age (years)

72 (64, 83)

70 (60, 78)

82 (72, 88)

< 0.001*

Co-morbidities

Hypertension, n (%)

183 (49%)

113 (44%)

70 (58%)

0.012*

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

110 (29%)

67 (26%)

43 (36%)

0.061

Coronary heart disease, n (%)

75 (20%)

49 (19%)

26 (22%)

0.592

Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)

33 (8.8%)

20 (7.9%)

13 (10.8%)

0.346

COPD, n (%)

38 (10.2%)

23 (9.1%)

15 (12.5%)

0.309

Liver disease, n (%)

33 (8.8%)

25 (9.8%)

8 (6.7%)

0.312

Malignant tumor, n (%)

42 (11%)

28 (11%)

14 (12%)

0.854

Vital signs

Body temperature, ℃

36.7 (36.3,37.0)

36.6 (36.2,37.0)

36.7 (36.5,37.2)

0.033*

RR, breaths/min

21 (20,23)

20 (20,22)

23 (23,28)

< 0.001*

HR, beats/min

88 (78,100)

85 (78,97.8)

94 (82.8,106.3)

< 0.001*

SBP, mmHg

131 (120,145)

130 (120,144)

132 (119,149)

0.913

Arterial blood gas

PH

7.439 (7.402,7.466)

7.432 (7.401,7.460)

7.452(7.408,7.480)

0.010*

PaCO2, mmHg

34.2 (29.5,39.2)

35.8 (31.5,39.6)

29.9 (26.7,34.7)

< 0.001*

PaO2, mmHg

83.2 (65.6,104.4)

91.2 (73.6,107.6)

67.1 (57.1,86.4)

< 0.001*

SpO2, %

97.0 (94.0,99.0)

97.8 (95.3,99.0)

94.5 (90.5,97.1)

< 0.001*

PaO2/FiO2, mmHg

282 (207,330)

290 (232,333)

115 (70,215)

< 0.001*

COVID-19 severity class, n (%)

   

< 0.001*

Mild illness

90 (24%)

86 (34%)

4 (3.3%)

 

Moderate illness

117 (31%)

111 (44%)

6 (5.0%)

 

Severe/critical illness

167 (45%)

57 (22%)

110 (92%)

 

Clinical scoring system

PIRO

9 (5,14)

7 (4,10)

14 (12,17)

< 0.001*

qSOFA

0 (0,1)

0 (0,1)

2 (1,2)

< 0.001*

CURB-65

1 (1,2)

1 (1,2)

3 (2,3)

< 0.001*

PSI

91 (71,115)

84 (63,101)

118 (94.140)

< 0.001*

COVID-GRAM

160 (124,188)

138 (110,165)

193 (179,214)

< 0.001*

RAPS

3 (1,5)

1 (1,3)

5 (3,6)

< 0.001*

NEWS2

5 (3,8)

4 (2,6)

9 (6,11)

< 0.001*

Laboratory parameters

PCT, ng/mL

0.11 (0.05,0.4)

0.07 (0.05,0.178)

0.35 (0.12,1.03)

< 0.001*

CRP, mg/L

44.0 (10.0,79.3)

22.0 (5.7,56.6)

79.3 (54.8,107.5)

< 0.001*

HGB, g/L

124 (107,138)

124 (107,138)

123 (112,137)

0.984

WBC count, ×109/L

6.11 (4.37,9.45)

5.31 (3.93,7.69)

8.57 (5.89,11.08)

< 0.001*

Neutrophils count, ×109/L

4.66 (2.80,7.62)

3.70 (2.48,6.30)

7.02 (4.77,9.77)

< 0.001*

Lymphocytes count, ×109/L

0.83 (0.55,1.11)

0.93 (0.65,1.23)

0.63 (0.38,0.94)

< 0.001*

INR

1.09 (1.03,1.18)

1.07 (1.02,1.16)

1.12 (1.04,1.20)

0.004*

D-dimer, mg/L

352 (143,1040)

244 (76,490)

1159 (446,4347)

< 0.001*

ALT, U/L

22 (16,33)

21 (14,31)

26 (19,37)

< 0.001*

AST, U/L

30 (20,48)

27 (19,38)

46 (31,71)

< 0.001*

Albumin, g/L

33.0 (28.1,36.5)

34.8 (30.8,37.5)

27.9 (25.3,31.9)

< 0.001*

TBIL, µ mol/L

10.9 (8.0,15.7)

10.4 (7.7,15.1)

11.8 (8.5,16.8)

0.067

DBIL, µ mol/L

4.7 (3.0,7.6)

4.1 (2.8,6.5)

6.2 (4.2,9.35)

< 0.001*

CAR

1.159 (0.219,2.745)

0.576 (0.130,1.712)

2.874 (1.657,3.762)

< 0.001*

BCDIMs

NLR

5.91 (3.10,11.75)

4.11 (2.41,8.03)

11.71 (6.82,20.1)

< 0.001*

PLR

194 (127,322)

174 (117,264)

294 (168,434)

< 0.001*

LCR

0.02 (0.008,0.099)

0.040 (0.013,0.183)

0.008 (0.005,0.015)

< 0.001*

SII

1052 (404,3617)

666 (326,1824)

2964 (1347,8035)

< 0.001*

  1. Normally distributed continuous variables are displayed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and were compared using the independent-samples Student’s t test. Non-normally distributed continuous variables are displayed as a median with interquartile range (IQR) and were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test. Categorical variables are expressed as counts with percentages and were compared using Pearson’s chi-square or Fisher’s exact test. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; RR, respiratory rate; HR, heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; PaCO2, arterial carbon dioxide tension; PaO2, oxygen tension; SpO2, peripheral oxygen saturation; FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen; qSOFA, quick sequential organ failure assessment; CURB-65: confusion, urea, respiration, systolic pressure, age ≥ 65; PIRO: predisposition, insult/infection, response, organ dysfunction; RAPS: rapid acute physiology score; NEWS2, national early warning score 2; PSI, pneumonia severity index; PCT, procalcitonin; CRP, C-reactive protein; HGB, hemoglobin; WBC, white blood cell; INR, international normalized ratio; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; TBIL, total bilirubin; DBIL, direct bilirubin; CAR, C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio; BCDIMs, blood count-derived inflammatory markers; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; LCR, lymphocyte-to- C-reactive protein ratio; SII: systemic inflammation index. SII = (neutrophil count × platelet count) / lymphocyte count. *p-value < 0.05 was considered significant.
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