Fig. 3

Microbiota community profiles comparing samples according to MoCA scores. (Panel a) Beta diversity analysis, 2D NMDS (PERMANOVA p = 0.017; ANOSIM p = 0.229; PERMDISP p = 0.136). (Panel b) Alpha-diversity among species using Chao1 (p = 0.263) index. Taxonomic bar plots show the relative abundance of bacteria at the phyla level (Panel c). MaAslin2 heatmap (Panel d), correcting for BMI, age range, and gender (p < 0.05). (Panel e) Beta diversity analysis of control participants, represented in a 2D NMDS (PERMANOVA p = 0.221; ANOSIM p = 0.662; PERMDISP p = 0.120). Alpha-diversity among species using Obs (Panel f: p = 0.935) and Faith PD (Panel g: p = 0.095) indices. (Panel h) Taxa bar plots show the relative abundance of bacteria at the phyla level.