Fig. 1

Flowchart of the predictive models. Rad model: Radiomics model, 2D_DL model: 2D deep learning model, 3D_DL model: 3D deep learning model, AUC: area under the receiver operating characteristics curve, LR: Logistic Regression, SVM: Support Vector Machine, KNN: k-Nearest Neighbors, ID3: Iterative Dichotomiser 3, RF: Random Forest, XGBoost: eXtreme Gradient Boosting, LightGBM: Light Gradient Boosting Machine.