Fig. 2

Longitudinal variations in resting motor threshold and cortical silent period in the more affected and less affected hemispheres. Both transcranial magnetic stimulation parameters underwent significant changes over time, with the most pronounced differences observed between the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods, mirroring the pattern in MDS-UPDRS scores. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.