Table 3 EQ-5D-5 L scores in all domains depending on sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle and health condition.

From: Sociodemographic, disease-related and lifestyle determinants of health-related quality of life among older patients hospitalized with heart failure

Variables

EQ-5D-5 L scores in all domains [1–5]*

Mobility

Self-care

Usual-activities

Pain/discomfort

Anxiety/depression

Age

R = 0.20, t = 3.015, p = 0.003

R = 0.236, p = 3.504, p = 0.001

R = 0.182, t = − 2.671, p = 0.008

R = − 0.018, t = − 0.266, p = 0.791

R = 0.159, t = 2.330, p = 0.021

Nicotinism [years] (N = 100)

R = − 0.002, t = − 0.024, p = 0.981

R = − 0.051, t = − 0.506, p = 0.614

R = − 0.097, t = − 0.962, p = 0.338

R = 0.042, t = 0.415, p = 0.679

R = 0.134, t = 1.344, p = 0.182

Diet changes (N = 193)

R = 0.020, t = 0.278, p = 0.781

R = 0.048, t = 0.667, p = 0.505

R = 0.128, t = 1.780, p = 0.077

R = 0.132, t = 1.835, p = 0.068

R = − 0.075, − 1.045, p = 0.297

Stressful events in the previous year (N = 209)

R = 0.210, t = 3.087, p = 0.002

R = 0.127, t = 1.838, p = 0.067

R = 0.143, t = 2.081, p = 0.039

R = 0.279, t = 4.177, p < 0.001

R = 0.155, t = 2.253, p = 0.025

Number of medication taken

R = 0.147, t = 2.148, p = 0.033

R = 0.076, t = 1.096, p = 0.274

R = 0.068, t = 0.987, p = 0.325

R = 0.041, t = 0.592, p = 0.555

R = 0.018, t = 0.256, p = 0.798

Age group

 ≤ 65

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

1.50 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–4.0)

3.0 (2.0–3.0)

1.50 (1.0–3.0)

 > 65

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 Mann–Whitney U test

Z = − 1.573, p = 0.116

Z = 0.293, p = 0.769

Z = 0.776, p = 0.438

Z = 0.443, p = 0.658

Z = 0.240, p = 0.810

Gender

 Female

3.0 (2.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

3.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

 Male

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

1.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

 Mann–Whitney U test

Z = 1.341, p = 0.180

Z = 1.0, p = 0.317

Z = 1.044, p = 0.296

Z = 2.671, p = 0.008

Z = 3.014, p = 0.003

Pension amount

 Very low

3.0 (1.50–4.0)

1.50 (1.0–4.0)

1.50 (1.0–4.0)

2.50 (1.50–3.50)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

 Low

3.0 (2.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

3.0 (2.0–4.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

 Average

3.0 (2.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 High

2.0 (1.0–3.50)

1.0 (1.0–1.50)

1.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–3.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

 Kruskal–Wallis test

H = 3.232, p = 0.357

H = 2.898, p = 0.408

H = 0.254, p = 0.968

H = 8.067, p = 0.045

H = 8.230, p = 0.042

Living with someone/alone

 With someone

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

1.50 (1.0–4.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 Alone

3.0 (2.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

3.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 Mann–Whitney U test

Z = − 0.396, p = 0.692

Z = 0.108, p = 0.914

Z = 0.493, p = 0.622

Z = − 1.213, p = 0.225

Z = − 0.435, p = 0.664

Smoking cessation

 Yes

3.0 (2.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 No

2.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

1.0 (1.0–3.0)

3.0 (2.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

 Mann–Whitney U test

Z = 0.505, p = 0.613

Z = − 0.141, p = 0.888

Z = 0.984, p = 0.325

Z = − 1.191, p = 0.234

Z = − 1.116, p = 0.264

Overweight/obesity

 No

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

1.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 Yes

3.0 (2.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–4.0)

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 Mann–Whitney U test

Z = − 2.172, p = 0.030

Z = − 1.012, p = 0.312

Z = − 1.486, p = 0.137

Z = − 1.905, p = 0.057

Z = − 0.774, p = 0.439

Physical activity

 Lack of physical activity

4.0 (3.0–4.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

 1–2 per week

3.0 (2.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–3.0)

3.0 (1.50–4.0)

2.50 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

 3–4 per week

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (2.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

 5–6 per week

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

1.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 Every day

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

1.0 (1.0–1.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

 Kruskal–Wallis test

H = 49.743, p < 0.001

H = 26.436, p < 0.001

H = 39.984, p < 0.001

H = 7.734, p = 0.102

H = 19.200, p = 0.001

Fat reduction

 Yes

3.0 (2.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–4.0)

3.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 No

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

1.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 Mann–Whitney U test

Z = 1.514, p = 0.130

Z = 0.906, p = 0.365

Z = 1.893, p = 0.058

Z = 2.086, p = 0.037

Z = − 0.581, p = 0.561

Calorie reduction

 Yes

3.0 (2.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–4.0)

3.0 (2.0–3.50)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 No

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

1.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 Mann–Whitney U test

Z = 1.596, p = 0.111

Z = 1.435, p = 0.151

Z = 1.528, p = 0.126

Z = 2.894, p = 0.004

Z = 0.239, p = 0.811

Changing the type of fats

 Yes

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

3.0 (2.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 No

3.0 (2.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 Mann–Whitney U test

Z = − 0.578, p = 0.563

Z = − 0.029, p = 0.977

Z = 0.370, p = 0.712

Z = 1.056, p = 0.291

Z = − 0.816, p = 0.415

Salt reduction

 Yes

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

3.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 No

3.0 (2.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

1.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 Mann–Whitney U test

Z = 0.303, p = 0.762

Z = 0.828, p = 0.407

Z = 1.611, p = 0.107

Z = 1.055, p = 0.291

Z = − 0.111, p = 0.911

Fish consumption

 Yes

3.0 (2.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–4.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 No

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 Mann–Whitney U test

Z = 0.327, p = 0.743

Z = − 0.602, p = 0.548

Z = 1.022, p = 0.307

Z = − 0.148, p = 0.882

Z = − 0.513, p = 0.608

Fruit and vegetable consumption

 Yes

3.0 (2.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

3.0 (1.0–3.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

 No

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

 Mann–Whitney U test

Z = 0.179, p = 0.858

Z = − 0.296, p = 0.767

Z = 0.621, p = 0.535

Z = 0.584, p = 0.559

Z = − 1.914, p = 0.056

Sugar reduction

 Yes

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

3.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 No

3.0 (2.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 Mann–Whitney U test

Z = 0.299, p = 0.765

Z = 0.077, p = 0.939

Z = 0.726, p = 0.468

Z = 2.105, p = 0.035

Z = − 0.663, p = 0.507

Alcohol reduction

 Yes

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–4.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 No

3.0 (2.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

3.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

 Mann–Whitney U test

Z = − 1.706, p = 0.088

Z = 0.580, p = 0.562

Z = 0.782, p = 0.434

Z = − 0.706, p = 0.480

Z = − 1.097, p = 0.273

Self-assessment of lifestyle

 Unhealthy

4.0 (3.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–3.0)

3.0 (2.0–4.0)

3.0 (2.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

 Average

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.50 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

 Healthy

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

1.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

 Kruskal–Wallis test

H = 7.341, p = 0.026

H = 2.367, p = 0.306

H = 9.525, p = 0.009

H = 1.108, p = 0.575

H = 8.119, p = 0.017

Diabetes mellitus

 No

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 Yes

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 Mann–Whitney U test

Z = − 0.080, p = 0.936

Z = 0.375, p = 0.708

Z = − 0.065, p = 0.948

Z = − 0.354, p = 0.723

Z = − 0.469, p = 0.639

COPD

 No

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 Yes

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–4.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 Mann–Whitney U test

Z = − 0.362, p = 0.717

Z = − 0.804, p = 0.422

Z = − 0.502, p = 0.616

Z = 0.311, p = 0.756

Z = − 0.576, p = 0.564

Hypertension

 No

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.50 (1.0–3.0)

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

2.50 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

 Yes

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

1.50 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 Mann–Whitney U test

Z = 0.794, p = 0.427

Z = 1.395, p = 0.163

Z = 2.192, p = 0.028

Z = 0.188, p = 0.851

Z = 0.683, p = 0.495

Type of heart failure

 Unknown

2.50 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–1.0)

1.0 (1.0–1.0)

2.50 (1.0–3.0

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 HFrEF

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

2.0 (1.0–4.0)

2.0 (1.0–4.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

 HFmrEF

3.0 (1.50–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–3.50)

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

2.50 (1.0–4.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 HFpEF

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (1.0–2.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–2.0)

 Kruskal–Wallis test

H = 1.973, p = 0.578

H = 8.487, p = 0.037

H = 6.111, p = 0.106

H = 0.296, p = 0.961

H = 0.034, p = 0.998

  1. *When comparing groups, the median and quartile range were provided for each group.
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