Fig. 13

ROS and oxidative stress marker analysis in response to CeO₂ NPs. (a) ROS and oxidative stress-related enzyme levels (GST, SOD, CAT, MDA) at different CeO₂ NPs concentrations. (b) Antioxidant response under H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress, with and without CeO₂ NPs co-treatment.