Table 2 Summary of variables, descriptions, instruments, and psychometric properties.
Variable type | Variable name | Operational definition | Measurement instrument/source | Psychometric properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent | VR training | - Immersive, scenario-based safety training - Included hazard recognition, emergency response, and decision-making - 3 sessions, 45 min each, over 1 week | Custom-designed VR scenarios validated by subject-matter experts. | Content validity ensured through expert review. Internal consistency is not applicable |
Dependent | Safety knowledge | - Ability to recall and apply safety procedures | Adapted safety knowledge inventory (Smith et al., 2015) | Cronbach’s α = 0.85 (high reliability) |
Dependent | Risk perception | - Recognition and evaluation of workplace hazards | Risk perception scale (Jones & King, 2012) | Cronbach’s α = 0.92 (excellent reliability) |
Dependent | Self-efficacy | - Confidence in performing safety-related tasks | General self-efficacy scale (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995) | Cronbach’s α = 0.89 (very good) |
Dependent | Training effectiveness | - Perceived usefulness and impact of the training | Adapted training effectiveness scale (Roberts, 2018) | Cronbach’s α = 0.87 |
Dependent | Leadership support | - Perception of management’s involvement in safety training | Leadership support for safety questionnaire (Taylor & Wallis, 2016) | Cronbach’s α = 0.90 |
