Fig. 4
TIPE2 regulates ferroptosis-related pathways in THP-1 macrophages following SARS-CoV-2 spike protein stimulation. a, b Expression of ferroptosis-related genes in THP−1 macrophages by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. the ferroptosis-related proteins including GPx4, SLC7A11,FSP1 and ACSL4. Cropped blot is shown for clarity, retaining relevant bands. The uncropped, full-length blot with visible edges is included in Supplementary Figure S3, 4. c Cell viability was evaluated by CCK8 assay in TIPE2-transfected or control THP-1 macrophages treated with S protein alone or in combination with Fer-1 (2µM). d-h Quantification of intracellular levels of ferroptosis-associated metabolic indicators, including ferrous iron (Fe²+), Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), NADP⁺/NADPH ratio, malondialdehyde (MDA), and GSH/GSSG ratio in THP-1 macrophages under the indicated treatments. i Representative fluorescence microscopy images showing lipid ROS accumulation in THP-1 macrophages labeled with specific probes. Nuclei are stained blue (Hoechst), lipid ROS appear in green (FITC channel), and merged images are presented. Data are representative of at least three independent experiments. Student’s t-test evaluated differences between two groups, and one-way ANOVA with post-hoc testing (LSD or Tamhane’s T2) was used for comparisons among three groups. (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001)
