Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants according to osmolality levels.

From: Association of serum osmolality levels with all-cause mortality risk in patients with DKA

Variables

Baseline serum osmolality levels (mOsm/kg)

P

Overall

n = 1026

Q1(< 284)

n = 205

Q2(284–291)

n = 205

Q3(292–299)

n = 204

Q4(300–312)

n = 206

Q5(>312)

n = 206

Demographic

       

Age, year

52 ± 16

49 ± 17

48 ± 17

50 ± 17

57 ± 15

57 ± 15

< 0.001

Male, n(%)

564 (55.0%)

108 (52.7%)

101 (49.3%)

116 (56.9%)

127 (61.7%)

112 (54.4%)

0.127

Vital signs

       

Temperature,℃

36.89 ± 0.59

36.89 ± 0.56

36.89 ± 0.59

36.90 ± 0.49

36.95 ± 0.65

36.80 ± 0.63

0.182

HR, bpm

100 ± 19

99 ± 18

99 ± 18

100 ± 18

101 ± 19

101 ± 19

0.558

SBP, mmHg

130 ± 24

128 ± 24

130 ± 23

133 ± 23

133 ± 26

128 ± 25

0.063

DBP, mmHg

73 ± 18

71 ± 16

76 ± 18

73 ± 17

74 ± 19

72 ± 20

0.081

SPO2(%)

97.54 ± 3.85

97.73 ± 3.04

97.65 ± 3.54

97.54 ± 2.94

97.63 ± 3.02

97.16 ± 5.87

0.597

Laboratory tests

       

WBC, K/uL

13 ± 7

11 ± 6

11 ± 6

13 ± 7

13 ± 6

14 ± 7

< 0.001

Platelet, K/uL

236 ± 102

228 ± 109

246 ± 99

249 ± 100

228 ± 104

229 ± 99

0.078

Hemoglobin, g/dL

11.19 ± 2.18

11.01 ± 2.26

11.09 ± 2.00

11.27 ± 2.01

11.50 ± 2.20

11.07 ± 2.38

0.134

Sodium, mmol/L

138 ± 7

133 ± 4

136 ± 3

138 ± 4

140 ± 5

143 ± 11

< 0.001

Corrected sodium, mmol/L

141 ± 7

134 ± 3

138 ± 2

140 ± 2

143 ± 3

151 ± 9

< 0.001

Potassium, mmol/L

4.29 ± 0.86

4.17 ± 0.76

4.24 ± 0.96

4.36 ± 0.82

4.34 ± 0.81

4.33 ± 0.95

0.115

Glucose, mg/dL

311 ± 216

182 ± 74

218 ± 78

258 ± 90

328 ± 120

570 ± 322

< 0.001

Urea nitrogen, mg/dL

32 ± 26

29 ± 28

26 ± 23

27 ± 22

32 ± 20

48 ± 27

< 0.001

Creatinine, mg/dL

1.88 ± 1.95

1.94 ± 2.28

1.66 ± 2.09

1.60 ± 1.64

1.84 ± 1.77

2.38 ± 1.82

< 0.001

Serum osmolality

300 ± 22

278 ± 5

288 ± 2

295 ± 2

305 ± 4

333 ± 24

< 0.001

PH

7.30 ± 0.10

7.31 ± 0.09

7.32 ± 0.09

7.31 ± 0.11

7.29 ± 0.11

7.28 ± 0.12

0.005

Lactate, mmol/L

2.44 ± 2.12

2.00 ± 1.28

2.14 ± 1.76

2.11 ± 1.72

2.77 ± 2.51

3.15 ± 2.72

< 0.001

Aniongap, mEq/L

19 ± 7

18 ± 6

18 ± 5

19 ± 6

20 ± 6

23 ± 8

< 0.001

Severity of illness score

      

SOFA

4.1 ± 3.4

3.7 ± 3.1

2.9 ± 2.7

3.1 ± 2.4

4.5 ± 3.6

6.3 ± 4.0

< 0.001

APSIII

49 ± 20

46 ± 17

43 ± 19

43 ± 16

51 ± 21

62 ± 23

< 0.001

SAPSII

32 ± 14

29 ± 13

27 ± 12

28 ± 12

34 ± 13

41 ± 15

< 0.001

GCS

13.88 ± 2.25

14.42 ± 1.13

14.27 ± 1.75

14.16 ± 1.63

13.83 ± 2.47

12.73 ± 3.24

< 0.001

Charlson

4.3 ± 3.0

3.9 ± 3.1

3.8 ± 3.1

4.0 ± 3.2

4.8 ± 2.7

4.9 ± 3.0

< 0.001

Complication

       

Type 2 Diabetes, n%

463 (45.1%)

96 (46.8%)

78 (38.0%)

79 (38.7%)

107 (51.9%)

103 (50.0%)

0.009

Type 1 Diabetes, n%

478 (46.6%)

93 (45.4%)

114 (55.6%)

110 (53.9%)

82 (39.8%)

79 (38.3%)

< 0.001

Sepsis, n%

455 (44.3%)

80 (39.0%)

65 (31.7%)

77 (37.7%)

103 (50.0%)

130 (63.1%)

< 0.001

Hypertension, n%

348 (33.9%)

65 (31.7%)

54 (26.3%)

65 (31.9%)

83 (40.3%)

81 (39.3%)

0.014

Heart failure, n%

193 (18.8%)

31 (15.1%)

31 (15.1%)

38 (18.6%)

47 (22.8%)

46 (22.3%)

< 0.112

AMI, n%

86 (8.4%)

12 (5.9%)

13 (6.3%)

14 (6.9%)

20 (9.7%)

27 (13.1%)

0.042

Stroke, n%

63 (6.1%)

8 (3.9%)

11 (5.4%)

11 (5.4%)

14 (6.8%)

19 (9.2%)

0.219

COPD, n%

46 (4.5%)

7 (3.4%)

8 (3.9%)

7 (3.4%)

15 (7.3%)

9 (4.4%)

0.286

CKD, n%

233 (22.7%)

44 (21.5%)

38 (18.5%)

49 (24.0%)

46 (22.3%)

56 (27.2%)

0.310

AKI, n%

579 (56.4%)

100 (48.8%)

93 (45.4%)

106 (52.0%)

139 (67.5%)

141 (68.4%)

< 0.001

AKI stage, n%

      

< 0.001

1

199 (19.4%)

35 (17.1%)

36 (17.6%)

50 (24.5%)

40 (19.4%)

38 (18.4%)

 

2

220 (21.4%)

36 (17.6%)

34 (16.6%)

35 (17.2%)

59 (28.6%)

56 (27.2%)

 

3

160 (15.6%)

29 (14.1%)

23 (11.2%)

21 (10.3%)

40 (19.4%)

47 (22.8%)

 

Treatment during hospitalization

      

CRRT, n%

48 (4.7%)

9 (4.4%)

7 (3.4%)

4 (2.0%)

13 (6.3%)

15 (7.3%)

< 0.035

Ventilation, n%

189 (18.4%)

28 (13.7%)

21 (10.2%)

30 (14.7%)

50 (24.3%)

60 (29.1%)

< 0.001

Insulin, n%

535 (52.1%)

103 (50.2%)

107 (52.2%)

108 (52.9%)

107 (51.9%)

110 (53.4%)

0.975

24-hour fluid balance, ml

4,043 ± 3,194

3,767 ± 4,064

3,126 ± 2,016

3,858 ± 2,828

4,381 ± 3,419

5,077 ± 2,963

< 0.001

Outcomes

       

Hospital-day

10 ± 19

10 ± 12

8 ± 10

9 ± 10

11 ± 9

12 ± 36

0.251

ICU-day

3.56 ± 5.00

3.28 ± 4.81

2.98 ± 5.16

3.14 ± 4.30

4.39 ± 5.87

4.02 ± 4.64

< 0.001

28-day mortality, n%

458 (44.6)

98 (47.8)

78 (38.0)

71 (34.8)

99 (48.0)

112 (54.3)

< 0.001

  1. HR: heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SPO2:saturation of peripheral oxygen; WBC: white blood cell; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; APS III: Acute Physiology Score III; SAPSII: Simplified Acute Physiology Score II; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; Charlson: Charlson Comorbidity Index; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CKD: chronic kidney disease; AKI: acute kidney injury; CRRT: continuous renal replacement therapy.
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