Table 1 Study characteristics.
Study | Patients | Procedure/ Anesthesia type | RMZ group | Comparison group | Outcome assessment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Luo et al. (2023a) | 114 patients, male and female, 18–75 years | Day surgery General anesthesia with a laryngeal mask airway | 1) RMZ group (n = 38) : RMZ (0.3 mg/kg) + Sufentanil (0.2–0.4 µg/kg) + Rocuronium → RMZ (1–3 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (0.05–0.15 µg/kg/min) 2) RMZ + Flumazenil group (n = 38) : RMZ + Flumazenil (0.2 mg) | 1) Pofol group (n = 38) : Pofol (2.0–2.5 mg/kg) + Sufentanil (0.2–0.4 µg/kg) + Rocuronium → Pofol (6–12 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (0.05–0.15 µg/kg/min) | PONV up to POD14 |
2 | Xu et al. (2022) | 907 patients, male and female, 18–85 years | Painless gastroscopy | 1) RMZ group (n = 451) : RMZ (0.2 mg/kg) + Alfentanil (10 µg/kg) | 1) Pofol group (n = 456) : Pofol (1.5 mg/kg) + Alfentanil (10 µg/kg) | Postoperative nausea and vomiting within 24 h after Op. |
3 | Guo et al. (2022) | 82 patients, male and female, ≥ 65 years | Gastrointestinal endoscopy Sedation | 1) RMZ group (n = 39) : RMZ (0.15 mg/kg) + Alfentanil (5 µg/kg) | 1) Pofol group (n = 38) : Pofol (1.5 mg/kg) + Alfentanil (5 µg/kg) | PONV in PACU |
4 | Zhou et al. (2022) | 310 patients, male and female, 18–75 years, | Bronchoscopy under laryngeal mask ventilation | 1) RMZ group (n = 155) : RMZ (0.2 mg/kg) → RMZ (0.1 mg/kg/h) + Fentanyl (2 µg/kg) | 1) Pofol group (n = 155) : Pofol (2 mg/kg) → Pofol (0.75 mg/kg/h) + Fentanyl (2 µg/kg) | Vomiting from drug administration until discharge |
5 | Huang et al. (2023)a | 120 patients, female, 40–86 years, with hypertension | Breast cancer surgery General anesthesia | 1) RMZ group (n = 60) : RMZ (0.3 mg/kg) + Sufentanil (0.4 µg/kg) + Cisatracurium → RMZ (0.3 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (5 µg/kg/h) + Sevoflurane (0.5–1 MAC) | 1) Pofol group (n = 60) : Pofol (2 mg/kg) + Sufentanil (0.4 µg/kg) + Cisatracurium → Pofol (2 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (5 µg/kg/h) + Sevoflurane (0.5–1 MAC) | PONV in PACU |
6 | Hari et al. (2022) | 60 patients, female, 20–80 years | Laparoscopic gynecological surgery General anesthesia | 1) RMZ group (n = 30) : RMZ (12 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (0.3 µg/kg/min) + Rocuronium → RMZ (0.4–1 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (0.1–0.5 µg/kg/min) | 1) Inhalation group (n = 30) : Pofol (1–1.5 mg/kg) + Remifentanil (0.3 µg/kg/min) + Rocuronium → Desflurane (4 vol%) + Remifentanil (0.1–0.5 µg/kg/min) | Postoperative nausea, vomiting, PONV at 2 and 24 h post-surgery |
7 | Toyota et al. (2023) | 39 patients, male and female, > 75 years | Spinal surgery General anesthesia | 1) RMZ group (n = 20) : RMZ (12 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (0.25 µg/kg/min) + Rocuronium → RMZ (BIS-guided) + Remifentanil (0.25 µg/kg/min) | 1) Pofol group (n = 19) : Pofol (3 µg/mL) + Remifentanil (0.25 µg/kg/min) + Rocuronium → Pofol (BIS-guided) + Remifentanil (0.25 µg/kg/min) | Postoperative nausea: White fast-track score before leaving the operating room |
8 | Yang et al. (2023)a | 80 patients, male and female, 20–69 years | Urological surgery General anesthesia | 1) RMZ group (n = 40) : RMZ (3 mg/kg/h) + Sufentanil (0.5 µg/kg) + Atracurium → RMZ (BIS-guided) + Remifentanil (8–10 µg/kg/h) | 1) Pofol group (n = 40) : Pofol (40 mg/kg/h) + Sufentanil (0.5 µg/kg) + Atracurium → Pofol (BIS-guided) + Remifentanil (8–10 µg/kg/h) | PONV |
9 | Lee et al. (2023)a | 57 patients, male and female, 18–70 years | Open thyroidectomy General anesthesia | 1) RMZ group (n = 28) : RMZ (6 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (4.0 ng/mL) + Rocuronium → RMZ (2 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (adjusted as needed) | 1) Pofol group (n = 29) : Pofol (3 ng/mL) + Remifentanil (4.0 ng/mL) + Rocuronium → Pofol (> 2 ng/mL) + Remifentanil (adjusted as needed) | PONV at PACU and 24 h post-surgery |
10 | Kim et al. (2023)a | 189 patients, male and female, 19–65 years | Oral and maxillofacial surgery General anesthesia | 1) RMZ group (n = 94) : RMZ (12 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (2.5–4 ng/mL) + Rocuronium → RMZ (BIS-guided) + Remifentanil (2.5–4 ng/mL) | 1) Pofol group (n = 95) : Pofol (3–5 µg/mL) + Remifentanil (2.5–4 ng/mL) + Rocuronium → Pofol (BIS-guided) + Remifentanil (2.5–4 ng/mL) | Postoperative nausea, vomiting, PONV at 1, 6, and 24 h post-surgery |
11 | Yue et al. (2023) | 200 patients, female, 18–65 years | Surgical abortion Sedation | 1) RMZ group (n = 100) : RMZ (0.3 mg/kg) + Esketamine (0.3 mg/kg) | 1) Pofol group (n = 100) : Pofol (2 mg/kg) + Esketamine (0.3 mg/kg) | PONV |
12 | Zhang et al. (2022)a | 128 patients, female, 18–60 years | Hysteroscopy Sedation | 1) RMZ group (n = 64) : RMZ (0.2 mg/kg → BIS-guided) * RMZ + Pofol group (n = 65) was excluded | 1) Pofol group (n = 64) : Pofol (1.5 mg/kg → BIS-guided) | PONV |
13 | Deng et al. (2023) | 108 patients, male and female, > 65 years | Total joint arthroplasty Neuraxial anesthesia with sedation | 1) RMZ group (n = 54) : RMZ (0.025–1 mg/kg → BIS-guided) | 1) Dex group (n = 54) : Dex (0.2–0.7 µg/kg/h) | PONV within POD3 |
14 | Li et al. (2023) | 83 patients, male and female, 18–25 years | Tooth extraction Sedation | 1) RMZ group (n = 42) : RMZ (5 + 2.5 mg) | 1) MDZ group (n = 41) : MDZ (2 + 1 mg) | Nausea and vomiting at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after surgery |
15 | Lee et al. (2023)b | 78 patients, male and female, ≥ 65 years | Total knee arthroplasty General anesthesia | 1) RMZ group (n = 39) : RMZ (0.1 mg/kg) + Remifentanil (0.5 µg/kg) + Rocuronium → RMZ (BIS-guided) + Remifentanil (0.05–0.2 µg/kg/min) * Palonosetron (0.075 mg) | 1) Inhalation group (n = 39) : Pofol (1.5 mg/kg) + Remifentanil (0.5 µg/kg) + Rocuronium → Sevoflurane (BIS-guided) + Remifentanil (0.05–0.2 µg/kg/min) * Palonosetron (0.075 mg) | PONV within POD2 |
16 | Pastis et al. (2023) | 372 patients, male and female, ≥ 18 years | Bronchoscopy Sedation | 1) RMZ group (n = 303) : RMZ (5 mg) + Fentanyl (25–75 mg) | 1) MDZ group (n = 69) : MDZ (1–1.75 mg) + Fentanyl (25–75 mg) * Placebo group (n = 59) was excluded | Postoperative nausea and vomiting |
17 | Oh et al. (2023) | 100 patients, male and female, 18–75 years | Catheter ablation for atrial arrhythmia General anesthesia with a laryngeal mask airway | 1) RMZ group (n = 50) : RMZ (6 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (0.1 µg/kg/min) + Rocuronium → RMZ (BIS-guided) + Remifentanil (adjusted as needed) | 1) Pofol group (n = 50) : Pofol (6 µg/mL) + Remifentanil (0.1 µg/kg/min) + Rocuronium → Pofol (BIS-guided) + Remifentanil (adjusted as needed) | Nausea and vomiting at 30 min after surgery |
18 | Song et al. (2022) | 165 patients, male and female, 19–65 years | Laparoscopic cholecystectomy or robotic gynecologic surgery General anesthesia | 1) RMZ group (n = 82) : Pofol (2 mg/kg) + Remifentanil (0.05–0.2 µg/kg/min) + Rocuronium → RMZ (1–2 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (0.05–0.2 µg/kg/min) + Fentanyl (1 µg/kg) * Ramosetron (0.3 mg) | 1) Inhalation group (n = 83) : Pofol (2 mg/kg) + Remifentanil (0.05–0.2 µg/kg/min) + Rocuronium → Desflurane (0.7–0.9 MAC) + Remifentanil (0.05–0.2 µg/kg/min) + Fentanyl (1 µg/kg) * Ramosetron (0.3 mg) | PONV in PACU |
19 | Yang et al. (2023)b | 300 patients, male and female, ≥ 60 years | Orthopedic surgery General anesthesia | 1) RMZ group (n = 147) : RMZ (0.2–0.3 mg/kg) + Alfentanil (0.04–0.06 mg/kg) + Rocuronium → RMZ (BIS-guided) + Desflurane (0.3 MAC) + Remifentanil (0.1–0.2 µg/kg/min) | 1) Pofol group (n = 153) : Pofol (1–1.5 mg/kg) + Alfentanil (0.04–0.06 mg/kg) + Rocuronium → Pofol (BIS-guided) + Desflurane (0.3 MAC) + Remifentanil (0.1–0.2 µg/kg/min) | PONV |
20 | Zhao et al. (2022) | 100 patients, male and female, 19–60 years | Tooth extraction Sedation | 1) RMZ group (n = 50) : RMZ (80 µg/kg → 5 µg/kg/min) + Alfentanil (0.2 µg/kg/min) | 1) Pofol group (n = 50) : Pofol (1.8 µg/mL → 1.5 µg/mL) + Alfentanil (0.2 µg/kg/min) | Postoperative nausea and vomiting for 24 h |
21 | Chen et al. (2022) | 146 patients, male and female, 45–65 years | Fiberoptic bronchoscopy Sedation | 1) RMZ group (n = 73) : RMZ (12 mg/kg/h → 1–2 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (0.05–0.2 µg/kg/min) | 1) Dex group (n = 73) : Dex (0.5 µg/kg → 0.2–0.7 µg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (0.05–0.2 µg/kg/min) | PONV |
22 | Pan et al. (2023) | 30 patients, male and female, > 18 years | Rigid bronchoscopy General anesthesia | 1) RMZ group (n = 15) : RMZ (0.4 mg/kg) + Oxycodone (0.2 mg/kg) + Rocuronium → RMZ (1 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (6–8 µg/kg/h) | 1) Pofol group (n = 5) : Pofol (1.5 mg/kg) + Oxycodone (0.2 mg/kg) + Rocuronium → Pofol (6–8 µg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (6–8 µg/kg/h) | PONV |
23 | Huang et al. (2023)b | 138 patients, male and female, 18–60 years | Urological surgery General anesthesia | 1) RMZ group (n = 67) : RMZ (10 mg/kg/h → 0.2–2 mg/kg/h) + Fentanyl (3 µg/kg) + Cisatracurium (From induction to 5 min after intubation) → Pofol (BIS-guided) + Remifentanil (2.5–4 ng/mL) | 1) Etomidate group (n = 66) : Etomidate (0.25 mg/kg/min) + Fentanyl (3 µg/kg) + Cisatracurium (From induction to 5 min after intubation) → Pofol (BIS-guided) + Remifentanil (2.5–4 ng/mL) | PONV from the end of surgery to 24 h after surgery |
24 | Zhang et al. (2023) | 261 patients, male and female, 18–65 years, with obesity | Gastrointestinal endoscopy Sedation | 1) RMZ group (n = 131) : RMZ (0.1 mg/kg) + Esketamine (0.5 mg/kg) | 1) Pofol group (n = 130) : Pofol (1 mg/kg) + Esketamine (0.5 mg/kg) | PONV within 24 h post-procedure |
25 | Matsumoto et al. (2023) | 60 patients, female, > 20 and < 80 years | Laparoscopic gynecological surgery General anesthesia | 1) RMZ group (n = 30) : RMZ (12 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (0.3 µg/kg/min) + Rocuronium → RMZ (EEG-guided) + Remifentanil (dose unspecified) | 1) Pofol group (n = 30) : Pofol (3 µg/mL) + Remifentanil (0.3 µg/kg/min) + Rocuronium → Pofol (EEG-guided) + Remifentanil (dose unspecified) | Postoperative vomiting, severity of nausea, and PONV at 2 and 24 h after surgery |
26 | Wang et al. (2023)a | 204 patients, female, 18–65 years | Cervical conization General anesthesia | 1) RMZ group (n = 102) : RMZ (0.2 mg/kg) + Alfentanil (7 µg/kg) → RMZ (1–1.5 mg/kg/h) + Alfentanil (if needed) | 1) Pofol group (n = 102) : Pofol (2 mg/kg) + Alfentanil (7 µg/kg) → Pofol (6–8 mg/kg/h) + Alfentanil (if needed) | PONV |
27 | Wang et al. (2023)b | 173 patients, male and female, 18–70 years | Gastroscopy Sedation | 1) RMZ group (n = 83) : RMZ (7.5 mg) * RMZ + Pofol group (n = 83) was excluded | 1) Pofol group (n = 90) : Pofol (1.5 mg/kg) | Nausea and vomiting |
28 | Liao et al. (2023) | 69 patients, male and female, 65–80 years | Laparoscopic radical resection of gastric cancer General anesthesia with transverse abdominal plane/rectus abdominis sheath blocks | 1) RMZ group (n = 34) : RMZ (0.2 mg/kg) + Pofol (1–1.5 mg/kg) + Sufentanil (0.4–0.6 µg/kg) + Cisatracurium → RMZ (0.3–0.5 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (4–8 µg/kg/h) + Pofol (4–8 mg/kg/h) | 1) Dex group (n = 35) : Dex (0.5 µg/kg) + Pofol (1–1.5 mg/kg) + Sufentanil (0.4–0.6 µg/kg) + Cisatracurium → Dex (0.3–0.5 µg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (4–8 µg/kg/h) + Pofol (4–8 mg/kg/h) * Placebo group (n = 35) was excluded | PONV within 48 h following surgery |
29 | Dong et al. (2023) | 505 patients, male and female, adults | Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Deep sedation | 1) RMZ group (n = 250) : RMZ (0.3 mg/kg → 0.2–1 mg/kg/h) + Alfentanil (4–8 µg/kg/h) | 1) Pofol group (n = 255) : Pofol (1.5–2 mg/kg → 2–6 mg/kg/h) + Alfentanil (4–8 µg/kg/h) | PONV at POD1 |
30 | Kim et al. (2023)b | 103 patients, male and female, adults, < 70 years | Lower extremity surgery Spinal anesthesia with sedation | 1) RMZ group (n = 52) : RMZ (0.075 mg/kg → 0.5–1 mg/kg/h) | 1) Dex group (n = 51) : Dex (1 µg/kg → 0.2–0.7 µg/kg/h) | PONV in PACU |
31 | Cui et al. (2023) | 218 patients, male and female, 18–60 years | Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy Sedation | 1) RMZ (0.2 mg/kg) group (n = 54) 2) RMZ (0.3 mg/kg) group (n = 55) 3) RMZ (0.4 mg/kg) group (n = 54) | 1) Pofol (2 mg/kg) group (n = 55) | PONV |
32 | Luo et al. (2023)b | 192 patients, male and female, 18–60 years | Short laparoscopic surgery General anesthesia | 1) RMZ (6 → 1 mg/kg/h) group (n = 47) 2) RMZ (9 → 2 mg/kg) group (n = 48) 3) RMZ (12 → 3 mg/kg) group (n = 48) + Remifentanil (8–10 µg/kg/h) | 1) Pofol group (n = 49) : (2 mg/kg → 6 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (8–10 µg/kg/h) | PONV |
33 | Shi et al. (2022a) | 76 patients, male and female, 18–60 years, with liver cirrhosis | Endoscopic variceal ligation General anesthesia | 1) RMZ group (n = 38) : RMZ (0.2 mg/kg) + Succinylcholine → RMZ (1–2 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (0.25 µg/kg/min) | 1) Pofol group (n = 38) : Pofol (2 mg/kg) + Succinylcholine → Pofol (4–10 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (0.25 µg/kg/min) | PONV in PACU |
34 | Cao et al. (2022) | 148 patients, male and female, 18–65 years, with liver cirrhosis | Gastroscopy Sedation | 1) RMZ group (n = 74) : RMZ (0.107 mg/kg) + Sufentanil (0.15 µg/kg) | 1) Pofol group (n = 74) : Pofol (2 mg/kg) + Sufentanil (0.15 µg/kg) | Nausea and vomiting |
35 | Lee et al. (2023c) | 78 patients, male and female, 18–100 years | Elective surgery under regional anesthesia Sedation | 1) RMZ group (n = 39) : RMZ (2.5 mg → 0.1–1 mg/kg/h) | 1) Dex group (n = 39) : Dex (1 µg/kg → 0.2–0.7 µg/kg/h) | PONV |
36 | Wei et al. (2023) | 207 patients, male and female, 18–80 years | Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy Sedation | 1) RMZ (0.2 mg/kg) group (n = 111) + Fentanyl (0.5 µg/kg) * RMZ + Pofol group (n = 96) was excluded | 1) Pofol (2 mg/kg) group (n = 97) + Fentanyl (0.5 µg/kg) | PONV |
37 | Park et al. (2023) | 60 patients, female, 20–65 years | Laparoscopic gynecological surgery General anesthesia | 1) RMZ group (n = 30) : RMZ (6 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (0.5–1.0 µg/kg) + Rocuronium → RMZ (1–2 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (0.05–0.2 µg/kg/min) | 1) Inhalation group (n = 30) : Pofol (1.5–2 mg/kg) + Remifentanil (0.5–1.0 µg/kg) + Rocuronium → Sevoflurane (2–2.5 vol%) + Remifentanil (0.05–0.2 µg/kg/min) | PONV in PACU |
38 | Zhang et al. (2022)b | 59 patients, male and female, ≥ 60 years | Hip replacement surgery General anesthesia with iliac fascia block | 1) RMZ group (n = 30) : RMZ (0.2–0.4 mg/kg) + Sufentanil (0.4 µg/kg) + Cisatracurium → RMZ (0.3–0.5 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (0.1–0.25 µg/kg/min) | 1) Pofol group (n = 29) : Pofol (1.5–2 mg/kg) + Sufentanil (0.4 µg/kg) + Cisatracurium → Pofol (4–8 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (0.1–0.25 µg/kg/min) | Nausea and vomiting |
39 | Choi et al. (2022) | 139 patients, female, 20–65 years | Open thyroidectomy General anesthesia | 1) RMZ group (n = 70) : RMZ (6 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (2 → 4 ng/mL) + Rocuronium → RMZ (1–2 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (2–6 ng/mL) | 1) Pofol group (n = 70) : Pofol (5 µg/mL) + Remifentanil (2 → 4 ng/mL) + Rocuronium → Pofol (2–6 µg/mL) + Remifentanil (2–6 ng/mL) | Postoperative nausea and vomiting in PACU and ward |
40 | Liu et al. (2023) | 216 patients, male and female, 60–80 years | Gastrointestinal endoscopy Sedation | 1) RMZ group (n = 107) : RMZ (0.1 mg/kg) + Sufentanil (5 µg) | 1) Pofol group (n = 109) : Pofol (1.5 mg/kg) + Sufentanil (5 µg) | PONV |
41 | Xin et al. (2022) | 114 patients, male and female, 18–80 years | Colonoscopic polypectomy Sedation | 1) RMZ (0.1 mg/kg) group (n = 28) 2) RMZ (0.15 mg/kg) group (n = 30) 3) RMZ (0.2 mg/kg) group (n = 29) + Alfentanil (10 µg/kg) | 1) Pofol (2 mg/kg) group (n = 27) + Alfentanil (10 µg/kg) | PONV within 24 h following surgery |
42 | Hu et al. (2022) | 346 patients, male and female, ≥ 65 years | Gastroscopy Sedation | 1) RMZ (0.2 mg/kg) group (n = 173) + Sufentanil (0.1 µg/kg) | 1) Pofol (1.5 mg/kg) group (n = 173) + Sufentanil (0.1 µg/kg) | PONV |
43 | Lu et al. (2022) | 400 patients, male and female, 65–85 years | Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy Sedation | 1) RMZ (300 mg/h) group (n = 200) + Fentanyl (50 µg) | 1) Pofol (3 g/h) group (n = 200) + Fentanyl (50 µg) | Nausea and vomiting |
44 | Yao et al. (2022) | 132 patients, male and female, 18–65 years | Colonoscopy Sedation | 1) RMZ (0.2 mg/kg) group (n = 66) + Sufentanil (5 µg) | 1) Pofol (1 mg/kg) group (n = 66) + Sufentanil (5 µg) | PONV |
45 | Shi et al. (2022b) | 161 patients, male and female, 18–60 years | Gastroscopy Sedation | 1) RMZ (ED95 value) group (n = 81) + Alfentanil (5 µg/kg) | 1) Pofol (2.5 mg/kg) group (n = 80) + Alfentanil (5 µg/kg) | Nausea |
46 | Chen et al. (2020) | 384 patients, male and female, 18–65 years | Colonoscopy Sedation | 1) RMZ (5 mg) group (n = 194) + Fentanyl (1 µg/kg) | 1) Pofol (1.5 mg/kg) group (n = 190) + Fentanyl (1 µg/kg) | Nausea and vomiting during the whole trial period |
47 | Zhang et al. (2022c) | 90 patients, female, 18–55 years | Hysteroscopy Sedation | 1) RMZ (0.1 mg/kg) group (n = 30) : RMZ (0.25 mg/kg → 0.48 mg/kg/h) 2) RMZ (0.15 mg/kg) group (n = 30) : RMZ (0.25 mg/kg → 0.6 mg/kg/h) + Sufentanil (0.1 µg/kg) | 1) Pofol group (n = 30) : Pofol (2 mg/kg → 5 mg/kg/h) + Sufentanil (0.1 µg/kg) | Nausea and vomiting |
48 | Mao et al. (2022) | 128 patients, male and female, 18–84 years | Urologic surgery General anesthesia | 1) RMZ group (n = 64) : RMZ (0.2–0.3 mg/kg) + Sufentanil (0.3–0.5 µg/kg) + Cisatracurium → RMZ (1–2 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (0.2–0.3 µg/kg/min) | 1) Pofol group (n = 64) : Pofol (2–3 mg/kg) + Sufentanil (0.3–0.5 µg/kg) + Cisatracurium → Pofol (4–10 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil (0.2–0.3 µg/kg/min) | PONV in PACU |
49 | Doi et al. (2020) | 375 patients, male and female, ≥ 20 years | Elective surgery requiring intubation and hospitalization General anesthesia | 1) RMZ group (n = 150) : RMZ (6 mg/kg/h → 1–2 mg/kg/h) 2) RMZ group (n = 150) : RMZ (12 mg/kg/h → 1–2 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil + Rocuronium (0.25–2 µg/kg/min) | 1) Pofol group (n = 75) : Pofol (2–2.5 mg/kg → 4–10 mg/kg/h) + Remifentanil + Rocuronium (0.25–2 µg/kg/min) | Nausea and vomiting (defined as adverse drug reactions) observed throughout the study |
50 | Rex et al. (2018) | 398 patients, male and female, ≥ 18 years | Colonoscopy Sedation | 1) RMZ group (n = 296) : RMZ (5 mg) + Fentanyl (75 µg) | 1) MDZ group (n = 102) : RMZ (1–1.75 mg) + Fentanyl (75 µg) * Placebo group (n = 60) was excluded | Nausea and vomiting |
