Table 1 The characteristics of participants.
From: Sex-specific associations between muscle-fat ratio and bone density in middle-aged adults
Men (n = 2243) | Premenopausal women (n = 1033) | Postmenopausal women (n = 1073) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 49.2 ± 5.7 | 45.5 ± 4.0 | 52.8 ± 4.7 | < 0.001 |
Race/Ethnicity (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Non-Hispanic White | 33.7 | 31.1 | 33.6 | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 19.6| | 22.6 | 25.3 | |
Mexican American | 14.7 | 17.4 | 14.2 | |
Other race/ethnicity | 32.1 | 28.9 | 26.9 | |
Education level (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Less than high school | 22.6 | 19.5 | 18.8 | |
High school | 22.9 | 17.2 | 25.3 | |
More than high school | 54.5 | 63.3 | 55.8 | |
Marital status (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Married/Living with Partner | 73.0 | 65.9 | 60.0 | |
Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 16.2 | 20.4 | 30.1 | |
Never married | 10.8 | 13.6 | 9.9 | |
Sedentary behavior (%) | 0.005 | |||
Yes | 48.6 | 48.2 | 54.1 | |
No | 51.4 | 51.8 | 45.9 | |
Hypertension (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 33.3 | 26.8 | 40.8 | |
No | 66.7 | 73.2 | 59.2 | |
Diabetes (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 13.0 | 8.7 | 14.3 | |
No | 87.0 | 91.3 | 85.7 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.8 ± 5.5 | 29.8 ± 7.5 | 30.1 ± 7.0 | < 0.001 |
Total protein (g/L) | 71.7 ± 4.6 | 71.1 ± 4.4 | 71.6 ± 4.5 | 0.007 |
Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 5.0 ± 1.8 | 4.1 ± 1.5 | 4.7 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 |
Serum calcium (mmol/L) | 2.34 ± 0.09 | 2.31 ± 0.08 | 2.35 ± 0.09 | < 0.001 |
Serum glucose (mmol/L) | 6.0 ± 2.7 | 5.7 ± 2.6 | 5.8 ± 2.4 | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 2.1 ± 1.8 | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 1.7 ± 1.0 | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 5.0 ± 1.0 | 5.4 ± 1.1 | < 0.001 |
Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 26.8 ± 5.0 | 18.6 ± 4.4 | 18.1 ± 4.0 | < 0.001 |
Visceral adipose area ratio (cm2) | 129.5 ± 54.9 | 105.2 ± 55.7 | 125.2 ± 59.5 | |
Skeletal muscle mass to visceral adipose area ratio (kg/cm2) | 0.24 ± 0.11 | 0.23 ± 0.17 | 0.18 ± 0.13 | < 0.001 |
Lumbar bone mineral density (mg/cm2) | 1023.5 ± 164.3 | 1065.5 ± 148.3 | 976.4 ± 158.5 | < 0.001 |
