Fig. 4

Analysis employing deep learning techniques reveals that DIO is associated with an increased translocation of fluorescently labeled bioengineered bacteria to the pancreas. (a) Visualization of DsRed-E. coli translocation in mice following gastric administration, as detected by fluorescence microscopy on DAPI-counterstained pancreatic cryosections (Scale bar: 20 μm); (b) Schematic overview of the deep learning protocol for bacterial enumeration, including data processing, training, and counting. Green circles highlight the presence of DsRed-E. coli; (c) Depiction of the U-Net architecture, where annotations above the hierarchy indicate the number of feature maps, and numbers to the left denote the size of feature maps; (d) Quantitative assessment of DsRed-E. coli in the pancreas utilizing deep learning. Data points represent mean ± standard deviation from independent experiments, with n = 6 mice per group. Statistical significance is denoted as ##P < 0.01 by Student’s t-test. ns: not significant.