Fig. 2

Impact of PTE on marble-burying behavior and sociability in Dom and Sub offspring. (A) MBT. One-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons test revealed that Sub-PTE offspring buried significantly fewer marbles compared to Sub Veh offspring, while Dom-PTE offspring buried significantly more marbles compared to Dom Veh offspring. (B-C) TCT. PTE-induced sociability in Sub offspring was reflected by increased (B) duration of time spent and (C) number of interactions (frequency) in the stranger room. Both Dom offspring groups (PTE and Veh) exhibited higher cumulative duration and frequency in the stranger room compared to the empty room. (S)—stranger, (E)—empty room. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 7–10 per group). Statistical significance was determined using two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons test and is indicated as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ****p < 0.0001. ns- non-significant.