Table 7 Optimization results of different intelligent algorithms in test function.

From: Optimization of TCN-BiLSTM for dissolved oxygen prediction based on improved sparrow search algorithm

Statistics

Algorithm

F1

F2

F3

F4

F5

F6

Average

ISSA

0.0

\(1.63\times {10}^{-266}\)

0.0

0.0

0.0

\(4.44\times {10}^{-16}\)

SSA

\(2.63\times {10}^{-10}\)

\(3.22\times {10}^{-06}\)

\(7.68\times {10}^{-08}\)

\(1.23\times {10}^{-07}\)

\(1.05\times {10}^{-11}\)

\(3.25\times {10}^{-06}\)

WOA

\(2.59\times {10}^{-42}\)

\(1.89\times {10}^{-28}\)

\(9.55\times {10}^{-09}\)

0.0

0.0

\(4.47\times {10}^{-15}\)

PSO

145.4

8.23

2127.06

124.77

2.43

4.58

BOA

\(3.01\times {10}^{-8}\)

4.02

\(2.9\times {10}^{-08}\)

0.05

\(4.48\times {10}^{-08}\)

\(1.18\times {10}^{-06}\)

Standard Deviation

ISSA

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

SSA

\(1.45\times {10}^{-9}\)

\(1.57\times {10}^{-05}\)

\(3.14\times {10}^{-07}\)

\(8.04\times {10}^{-07}\)

\(5.4\times {10}^{-11}\)

\(1.8\times {10}^{-05}\)

WOA

\(1.37\times {10}^{-41}\)

\(5.01\times {10}^{-28}\)

\(4.07\times {10}^{-08}\)

0.0

0.0

\(1.21\times {10}^{-15}\)

PSO

61.71

4.58

720.03

27.05

0.66

0.57

BOA

\(9.82\times {10}^{-10}\)

\(7.18\times {10}^{-07}\)

\(1.68\times {10}^{-09}\)

0.18

\(4.21\times {10}^{-09}\)

\(3.49\times {10}^{-08}\)

Fitness

Value

ISSA

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

\(4.44\times {10}^{-16}\)

SSA

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

\(4.44\times {10}^{-16}\)

WOA

\(9.65\times {10}^{-50}\)

\(4.57\times {10}^{-32}\)

\(1.65\times {10}^{-15}\)

0.0

0.0

\(3.99\times {10}^{-15}\)

PSO

53.16

3.43

616.72

64.01

1.37

3.26

BOA

\(2.88\times {10}^{-8}\)

\(2.93\times {10}^{-06}\)

\(2.51\times {10}^{-08}\)

\(1.53\times {10}^{-07}\)

\(3.65\times {10}^{-08}\)

\(1.11\times {10}^{-06}\)