Table 5 Multi-level mixed effect regression for FPMHSU in Ethiopia 2019 MEDHS.

From: Spatial distribution and determinants of full package maternal health service utilization in Ethiopia using 2019 Mini Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey

Determinants

Model 1

ICC = 42.48%

Model 2

AOR (95% CI)

Model 3

AOR(95% CI)

Model 4

AOR (95% CI)

ICC = 19.99%

Age of mothers

 15–19

-

1

-

1

 20–24

-

0.67(0.45–1)

-

0.65(0.44–0.97)*

 25–29

-

0.76(0.5–1.15)

-

0.72(0.47–1.1)

 30–34

-

1.46(0.91–2.35)

-

1.35(0.84–2.18)

 35–39

-

1.59(0.96–2.63)

-

1.45(0.87–2.4)

 40–44

-

1.20(0.69–2.11)

-

1.11(0.63–1.96)

 45–49

-

1.01(0.49–2.08)

-

0.90(0.43–1.86)

Marital status

 Married

-

1.42(0.96–2.11)

-

1.54(1.04–2.3)*

 Unmarried

-

1

-

1

Age at first birth (years)

 > 18

-

1.02(0.84–1.24)

-

1.02(0.84–1.23)

 15–17

-

1

-

1

Religion

 Other

-

1

-

1

 Protestant

-

0.66(0.48–0.92)*

-

0.78(0.53–1.14)

 Muslim

-

1.29(0.92–1.81)

-

2.25(1.45–3.48)**

 Orthodox

-

0.53(0.25–1.11)

-

01.41(0.62–3.21)

Mother education

 Not educated

-

1

-

1

 Primary educated

-

2.09(1.69–2.58)

-

2.04(1.65–2.52)**

 Secondary

-

2.33(1.56–3.49)

-

2.30(1.53–3.45)**

 Higher

-

6.34(2.56–15.72)***

-

6.1(2.43–15.07)**

Contraceptive usage

 Yes

-

1.16(0.96–1.4)

-

1.11(0.92–1.34)

 No

-

1

-

1

Told pregnancy complications

 Yes

-

3.68(3.05–4.44)

-

3.62(3–4.36)**

 No

-

1

-

1

Parity

 Low parity (≤ 2)

-

1

-

1

 High parity (> 2)

-

0.52(0.39–0.69)

-

0.52(0.4,0.69)**

Wealth index

 Poorest

-

1

-

1

 Poorer

-

2.05(1.58–2.66)

-

1.77(1.32–2.37)**

 Middle

-

1.64(1.24–2.18)

-

1.56(1.13–2.14)**

 Richer

-

2.88(2.11–3.94)

-

2.61(1.84–2.71)**

 Richest

-

9.45(6.11–14.61)

-

6.7(3.96–11.56)**

Sex of household head

 Male

-

1

-

1

 Female

-

0.87(0.65–1.17)

-

0.93(0.68–1.26)

Family size

 < 7

-

1.15(0.94–1.41)

-

1.11(0.91–1.36)

 > 7

-

1

-

1

Media exposure

 Yes

-

1.16(0.94–1.44)

-

1.18(0.95–1.46)

 No

-

1

-

1

Residence

 Urban

-

-

1

1

 Rural

-

-

0.13(0.1–0.23)

0.53(0.31–0.89)*

Region

 Tigray

-

-

1.47()0.26–8.32

2.81(0.46–17.11)

 Afar

-

-

0.24(0.03–1.52)

0.68(0.1–4.43)

 Amhara

-

-

1.08(0.2–5.88)

2.29(0.39–13.42)

 Oromia

-

-

0.61(0.11–3.34)

1.19(0.21–6.71)

 Somali

-

-

0.08(0.01–0.5)

0.45(0.08–2.69)

 Benishangul

-

-

0.9(0.14–5.7)

2.08(0.31–13.93)

 SNNPR

-

-

0.72(0.13–3.96)

2.10(0.36–12.23)

 Gambela

-

-

0.73(0.09–2.9)

2.39(0.27–20.87)

 Harari

-

-

1

1

 Adiss Ababa

-

-

2.12(0.31–14.51)

1.36(0.19–9.64)

 Diredawa

-

-

1.17(0.14–9.52)

1.44(0.16–12.75)

 Var(constant)

 

0.834

1.37

0.822

  1. **p value < 0.01; *p value < 0.05.
  2. Model 1 (intercept only model), Model 2 (individual characteristics), Model 3 (community level factors) and Model 4 (individual and community level characteristics).