Fig. 2

Schematic energy pathways within a two-scale window framework. Arrows with different colors illustrate different dynamical processes. The blue (green), red, and purple arrows denote the canonical transfers of KE (APE) between different scale windows, buoyancy conversions of APE and KE, and other processes (such as advection, pressure work et al.), respectively. The KE source/sink includes wind stress and internal dissipation etc. and APE source/sink includes buoyancy flux and diffusion etc.