Table 1 Demographic, neuropsychological, and biomarker characteristics.

From: Multimodal MRI reveals impaired glymphatic function with choroid plexus enlargement and cerebrospinal fluid expansion in alzheimer’s disease

 

AD

(N = 28)

MCI

(N = 40)

SCD

(N = 66)

NC

(N = 54)

P Value

Sex*

14:14

18:22

21:45

26:28

0.210

Age (years)

71.25 ± 9.240

68.60 ± 6.271

68.41 ± 5.956

61.91 ± 8.629

< 0.0001

Education (years)

10.52 ± 5.124

11.8 ± 3.502

15.14 ± 2.642

14.05 ± 3.565#1

< 0.0001

MMSE

20.18 ± 6.104

25.48 ± 2.449

28.52 ± 1.774

27.87 ± 2.997

< 0.0001

MoCA-B

14.50 ± 6.952

22.30 ± 3.982

26.14 ± 1.984

24.57 ± 4.165

< 0.0001

HAMD

6.96 ± 4.865

6.43 ± 4.679

5.03 ± 4.264

4.78 ± 4.351

0.052

STT-A (s)

172.44 ± 84.365#3

91.53 ± 33.364

64.69 ± 18.740

71.23 ± 40.560#1

< 0.0001

STT-B (s)

271.65 ± 40.946#5

202.18 ± 55.801

151.58 ± 40.154

143.92 ± 55.673#2

< 0.0001

VFT

10.21 ± 4.467

16.95 ± 5.134

21.14 ± 4.762

18.31 ± 6.093

< 0.0001

BNT

18.89 ± 5.432

24.75 ± 4.601

27.68 ± 1.955

24.63 ± 4.524

< 0.0001

MES

60.11 ± 18.295

82.33 ± 13.100

91.79 ± 6.262

88.89 ± 11.854

< 0.0001

PSQI

4.86 ± 3.885

6.08 ± 3.421#1

6.64 ± 3.728

6.04 ± 3.904

0.141

CDR‡

1.0 (1.5) #1

0.5 (0.0) #3

0.5 (0.0) #21

0.5 (0.5) #11

< 0.0001

Aβ42

4.73 ± 1.321#3

5.33 ± 1.443#13

5.93 ± 1.578

5.39 ± 1.333#33

0.048

Aβ40

91.15 ± 18.422#3

87.69 ± 17.924#3

89.62 ± 15.920#1

82.55 ± 13.476#33

0.391

Aβ42/40

0.053 ± 0.014#3

0.061 ± 0.013#13

0.066 ± 0.013#1

0.066 ± 0.013#33

0.006

GFAP

101.24 ± 99.166#3

94.88 ± 87.151#13

109.91 ± 77.900

89.47 ± 60.511#33

0.389

p-tau181

4.22 ± 1.665#3

3.01 ± 1.479#3

2.19 ± 0.977#6

1.97 ± 0.978#33

< 0.0001

NfL

35.49 ± 24.809#13

20.51 ± 6.778#12

18.05 ± 7.655

17.76 ± 11.269#36

< 0.0001

  1. Note.—Unless otherwise specified, data are presented as means ± standard deviations (SD). P-values reflect comparisons across all groups. Abbreviations: AD = Alzheimer’s disease, MCI = mild cognitive impairment, SCD = subjective cognitive decline, NC = normal control, MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination, MoCA-B = Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic, HAMD = Hamilton Depression Scale, STT-A = Shape Trail Test A, STT-B = Shape Trail Test B, VFT = Verbal Fluency Test, BNT = Boston Naming Test, MES = Memory and Executive Screening, PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, GFAP = glial fibrillary acidic protein, NfL = neurofilament light chain.
  2. *Data are reported as the number of patients.
  3. #Indicates number of missing data points.
  4. ‡ Data are reported as medians with interquartile ranges (IQRs) in parentheses.
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