Table 7 Genes involved in the mechanism of MDR caused by DEC.
Gene | Protein/Enzyme Name | Pathway | Role | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
acrA | Multidrug efflux system protein AcrA | Efflux pump system | Component of AcrAB-TolC efflux pump, expels a wide range of antibiotics | |
acrB | Multidrug efflux system protein AcrB | Component of AcrAB-TolC efflux pump, expels a wide range of antibiotics | ||
tolC | Outer membrane protein TolC | Outer membrane channel of AcrAB-TolC efflux pump | ||
EmrE | Small multidrug resistance protein EmrE | Multidrug efflux pump | ||
MdfA | Multidrug efflux pump MdfA | Multidrug efflux pump | ||
NorE | Quinolone resistance protein NorE | Multidrug efflux pump | ||
bla_TEM | Beta-lactamase TEM | Beta-lactamase production | Beta-lactamase enzyme, hydrolyzes beta-lactam antibiotics | |
bla_SHV | Beta-lactamase SHV | Beta-lactamase enzyme, hydrolyzes beta-lactam antibiotics | ||
bla_CTX-M | Beta-lactamase CTX-M | Beta-lactamase enzyme, hydrolyzes beta-lactam antibiotics | ||
aac(3)-II | Aminoglycoside 3’-phosphotransferase II | Aminoglycoside modification | Aminoglycoside acetyltransferase, modifies aminoglycosides | |
aac(6’)-Ib | Aminoglycoside 6’-N-acetyltransferase | Aminoglycoside acetyltransferase, modifies aminoglycosides | ||
aadA | Aminoglycoside adenyltransferase A | Aminoglycoside adenyltransferase, modifies aminoglycosides | ||
tetA | Tetracycline resistance protein TetA | Tetracycline resistance | Efflux pump for tetracycline | |
tetB | Tetracycline resistance protein TetB | Efflux pump for tetracycline | ||
qnr | Quinolone resistance protein Qnr | Quinolone resistance | Protects DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV from quinolones | |
gyrA | DNA gyrase subunit A | Target site mutation, reduces quinolone binding | ||
parC | DNA topoisomerase IV subunit A | Target site mutation, reduces quinolone binding | ||
sul1 | Dihydropteroate synthase I | Sulfonamide resistance | Encodes an enzyme not inhibited by sulfonamides | |
sul2 | Dihydropteroate synthase II | Encodes an enzyme not inhibited by sulfonamides | ||
mphA | Macrolide 2’-phosphotransferase | Macrolide resistance | Macrolide phosphotransferase, inactivates macrolides | |
cat | Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase | Chloramphenicol resistance | Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, inactivates chloramphenicol | |
intI1 | Integrase 1 | Integron-mediated gene capture | Integron integrase, captures and integrates resistance genes | |
csgD | Regulator of curli production | Biofilm formation | Regulator controlling curli and biofilm-associated genes | |
bcsA | Cellulose synthase catalytic subunit A | Catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase, contributes to biofilm matrix | ||
pgaC | Poly-beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine synthase | Glycosyltransferase involved in PIA synthesis, part of biofilm matrix | ||
fimH | Fimbrial adhesin | Type 1 fimbrial adhesin, important for initial attachment | ||
luxS | Autoinducer 2 synthase | Synthesizes AI-2 for quorum sensing and biofilm regulation |
