Table 1 Characteristics of trials included in the dose-response meta-analysis of omega-3 supplementation on cognitive function.
From: A systematic review and dose response meta analysis of Omega 3 supplementation on cognitive function
Author, year | Location | Design | Participants, n | Health condition | Age (year) | Intervention | Duration (week) | Cognitive tools | Cognitive domains | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Control group | |||||||||
Michio Hashimoto et al.,2021 | Japan | RA/parallel | M/F: 75 Int: 42, Con: 33 | Healthy | Int: 71, Con: 71 | 7.0 ml/d Perilla seed oil (ɷ-3 PUFA rich oil) | 7.0 ml/d Canola oil | 48 | MMSE FAB HDS-R | Global |
Chizuru Konagai et al., 2013 | Japan | RA/DB/parallel | M: 45 Int: 15, Con: 15 M: 45 Int:15 Con: 15 | Healthy | Int: 67.0 ± 3.3 Con: 67.3 ± 3.4 | 1000 mg/d Krill oil (ɷ-3 PUFA rich oil) (285 mg ɷ-3) 1000 mg/d Sardine oil (742 mg ɷ-3) | 1000 mg MCT | 12 | P300 latency | Perceptual speed |
Isabella C. Arellanes et al., 2020 | USA | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 33 Int:18 Con: 15 | Healthy | Int: 68.5 Con: 69 | 4000 mg/d soft-gel capsules (2152 mg DHA) | 4000 mg/d corn/soy oil | 24 | MoCA Craft CVLT TMT A&B | Global Memory Attention Executive function |
E.L. BOESPFLUG et al., 2015 | USA | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 21 Int: 11 Con: 10 | subjective memory impairment | Int: 70.1 ± 6.12 Con: 66.4 ± 3.75 | Fish oil capsule (2.4 g/d EPA + DHA) | Corn oil, 4 capsules/d | 24 | n-back task | Memory |
Klára Daďová et al., 2022 | Czech Republic | RA/DB/parallel | F: 52 Int: 27 Con: 25 | Healthy | Int: 70.8 ± 3.6 Con: 71.2 ± 4.00 | 5 capsules/d of Calanus oil (230 mg/d EPA + DHA) | sunflower oil, 5 capsules/d | 16 | POBAV | Memory |
Sandrine Andrieu et al., 2017 | France | RA/parallel | M/F: 1525 Int: 374 Con: 390 Int: 381 Con: 380 | memory complaints | Int: 75.4 ± 4.4 Con: 75.0 ± 4.1 Int: 75.6 ± 4.7 Con: 75.1 ± 4.3 | multidomain intervention (cognitive stimulation, physical activity, and nutrition) + fish oil (1024 mg/d PUFA) fish oil (1024 mg/d PUFA) | multidomain intervention + flavored paraffin oil, 2 capsules/d flavored paraffin oil, 2 capsules/d | 144 | MMSE Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test memory functioning TMT A&B Verbal fluency DSST | Global Memory Attention Executive function Perceptual speed Language |
Wei Tang et al., 2020 | China | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 80 Int: 40 Con: 40 | schizophrenia | Int: 28.0 ± 3.10 Con: 28.75 ± 4.7 | 2400 mg fish oil as 2 soft-gels (1440 mg/d PUFA) | 100 mg/d Vitamin E dissolved in glycerin and corn oil | 12 | RBANS | Global |
Joaquin Baleztena et al., 2018 | Spain | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 78 Int: 44 Con:34 | score between 1 to 3 on the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) | Int: 85.8 ± 4.9 Con: 87.8 ± 6.5 | 3 capsule/d of the multinutrient supplement: DHA 250 mg, EPA 40 mg, vitamin E 5 mg, phosphatidylserine 15 mg, tryptophan 95 mg, vitamin B 12 5 µg, folate 250 µg and ginkgo biloba 60 mg. (1050 mg/d PUFA) | 3 gelatin capsule/d | 48 | GDS SPMSQ MEC Verbal fluency | Global Language |
Heike A. Bischoff-Ferrari et al., 2020 | Switzerland | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 2157 Int: 1073 Con: 1084 | MMSE score of at least 24 | Int: 74.7 ± 4.3 Con: 75.2 ± 4.6 | 2 gel capsules of omega-3s (1 g/d EPA + DHA) | 2 gel capsules of placebo | 144 | MoCA | Global |
Yacong Bo et al., 2017 | China | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 86 Int: 44 Con: 42 | mild cognitive impairment | Int: 71.75 ± 5.68 Con: 70.45 ± 6.82 | 1 g soft gelatine capsules every nine days (1200 mg/d EPA + DHA) | Olive oil as placebo (each capsules contains 550 mg of oleic acid) | 24 | BCATs | Global |
O.T. CARMICHAEL et al., 2018 | USA | RA/DB/crossover | M/F: 10 Int: 5 Con: 5 | Healthy | 67.3 ± 2.01 | a liquid emulsification containing fish oil, panax ginseng phospholipid complex, and green tea catechin phospholipid (1584 mg/d omega3) | Corn oil in water emulsion | 4 | MMSE Stroop Digit symbol Immediate recall Delayed recall | Global Executive function Perceptual speed Memory |
Chih-Chiang Chiu et al., 2008 | Taiwan | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 35 Int: 20 Con: 15 | AD and mild cognitive impairment | Int: 74 Con: 76.5 | 3 capsules of omega3 PUFAs twice a day (1800 mg/d EPA + DHA) | 3 capsules of olive oil esters twice a day | 24 | MMSE ADAS-cog | Global |
Alan D Dangour et al., 2010 | UK | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 867 Int: 434 Con:433 | Healthy | Int: 74.7 ± 2.5 Con: 74.6 ± 2.7 | 2 soft-gel capsules/d (700 mg/d EPA + DHA) | 2 soft-gel capsules of olive oil/d | 96 | Reaction time Letter search Symbol letter modality spatial memory story recall Digit span F&B Verbal fluency | Perceptual speed Memory Language |
Vanessa Danthiir et al.,2018 | Australia | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 391 Int: 195 Con: 196 | Healthy | Int: 73.1 ± 5.4 Con: 73.1 ± 5.7 | Fish oil, 4 capsules/d (2320 mg/d EPA + DHA) | 4 capsules/d containing 990 mg of low polyphenol olive oil and 10 mg of fish oil | 72 | MMSE | Global |
Paul Fairbairn et al., 2020 | UK | RA/SB/parallel | F: 51 Int: 13 Con:12 Int: 14 Con:12 | Healthy | Int: 69 ± 4 Con: 67 ± 4 Int: 68 ± 5 Con: 67 ± 4 | 4 capsules/d of multi nutrient supplement (1160 mg/d EPA + DHA) MS + exercise | 4 capsules/d of an isocaloric oil with a small amount of fish oil placebo + exercise | 24 | spatial memory verbal memory Executive function Interference control (Stroop) | Memory Executive function |
Yvonne Freund-Levi et al., 2006 | Sweden | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 174 Int: 89 Con: 85 | AD | Int: 72.6 ± 9.0 Con: 72.9 ± 8.6 | four 1-g capsules daily (2320 mg/d EPA + DHA) | four 1-g capsules of corn oil daily | 24 | MMSE ADAS-cog CDR | Global |
Johanna M. Geleijnse et al., 2012 | Netherlands | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 1265 Int: 627 Con: 638 | Healthy | Int: 69.2 ± 5.4 Con: 68.9 ± 5.4 | 20 g of trial margarines contain fish oil (400 mg/d EPA + DHA) | 20 g of trial margarines placebo | 160 | MMSE | Global |
Grace E. Giles et al., 2015 | USA | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 72 Int: 36 Con: 36 | Healthy | Int: 20.80 ± 2.38 Con: 20.49 ± 1.70 | Fish oil, 7 capsules/d (2800 mg/d EPA + DHA) | Olive oil, 7 capsules/d | 5 | STICSA | Global |
James C Jackson et al., 2018 | USA | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 320 Int: 159 Con: 161 | Healthy | Int: 62 Con: 61 | 1-g n–3 PUFA capsules (840 mg/d DHA + EPA) | Olive oil, 1 g/d capsules | 4 | MMSE RBANS TMT A&B | Global Attention Executive function |
Michael J Patan et al., 2021 | UK | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 310 Int:105 Con: 101 Int: 104 Con: 101 | Healthy | Int: 35.15 ± 8.01 Con: 36.63 ± 7.33 Int: 35.14 ± 7.88 Con: 36.63 ± 7.33 | 3 capsules/d of ∼1 g fish oil (900 mg/d DHA & 270 mg/d EPA) 3 capsules/d of ∼1 g fish oil (900 mg/d EPA & 360 mg/d DHA) | Olive oil, 1000 mg/each capsule | 26 | Global accuracy Global speed Word Recognition (RT) Accuracy of memory | Global Memory |
Philippa A. Jackson et al., 2011 | UK | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 140 Int: 46 Con: 48 Int: 46 Con: 48 | Healthy | Int: 21.96 Con: 21.94 Int: 22.74 Con: 21.94 | 1 g fish oil, 2 capsules/d (450 mg/d DHA + 90 mg/d EPA) 1 g fish oil, 2 capsules/d (300 mg/d EPA + 200 mg/d DHA) | Olive oil, 1 g/d | 12 | Stroop RT (simple, choice) Verbal fluency Working memory Word & picture recognition Corsi Blocks Span Word recall N-Back Task | Executive function Perceptual speed Language Memory |
Elizabeth J. Johnson et al., 2008 | USA | RA/DB/parallel | F: 24 Int: 14 Con: 10 | Healthy | Int: 68.5 Con: 68.0 | Fish oil capsules (800 mg/d DHA) | Placebo capsules | 16 | Stroop Verbal fluency Pattern recognition test Digit span forward & backward Memory recall tests | Executive function Language Visuospatial functions Memory |
Jae H. Kang et al., 2022 | USA | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 3424 Int: 1699 Con: 1725 | Healthy | Int: 71.9 ± 5.6 Con: 71.8 ± 5.3 | 1 g/d fish oil capsules (840 mg/d EPA + DHA) + 2000 IU/d vit D3 | Olive oil capsules | 48 | MMSE Global composite score TICS Executive function/attention composite score Verbal composite score | Global Executive function Memory |
Justin E. Karr et al., 2012 | Canada | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 41 Int: 20 Con: 21 | Healthy | Int: 19.90 ± 1.83 Con: 20.43 ± 1.63 | 2 capsules/d of fish oil (1200 mg/d n-3 PUFA) | 2 capsules/d of coconut oil | 4 | TMT A&B Stroop word & color RAVLT | Executive function Attention Memory |
Nadine Kulzow et al., 2016 | Germany | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 44 Int: 22 Con: 22 | Healthy | Int: 63 ± 6 Con: 61 ± 6 | 4 × 1000 mg fish oil capsules/d (2200 mg/d n-3 PUFA) | 4 × 1015 mg sunflower oil capsules/d | 26 | Learning (accuracy) Cued recall | Memory |
Julia C Kuszewski et al., 2020 | Australia | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 64 Int:32 Con: 32 | Healthy | Int: 65.8 ± 1.4 Con: 65.8 ± 1.4 | 4 capsules/d of fish oil (2400 mg/d EPA + DHA) | Placebo capsules (mix of corn and olive oil with 20 mg fish oil) | 16 | Fluid cognition Overall cognitive performance Cognitive flexibility Processing speed Language Episodic memory Working memory Verbal memory | Global Executive function Perceptual speed Language Memory |
Regina L. Leckie et al., 2019 | USA | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 271 Int: 134 Con: 137 | Healthy | Int: 43.1 ± 7.5 Con: 42.4 ± 7 | 2 × 1000 mg fish oil capsules/d (1400 mg/d EPA + DHA) | 2 × 1000 mg soybean oil capsules | 18 | Fluid intelligence Executive function Psychomotor speed Learning/memory | Global Executive function Perceptual speed Memory |
Lai Kuan Lee et al., 2012 | Malaysia | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 35 Int: 17 Con:18 | mild cognitive impairment | Int: 66.4 ± 5.1 Con: 63.5 ± 3 | 3 × 1 g soft gelatine capsules (1750 mg EPA + DHA) | 3 × 1 g soft gelatine capsules of corn oil | 48 | MMSE GDS Clock test Digit symbol Matrix reasoning VR 1 and 2 RAVLT Digit span Block design | Global Executive function Perceptual speed Language Memory Visuospatial functions |
Mengyue Li et al., 2020 | China | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 120 Int: 60 Con: 60 | mild cognitive impairment | Int: 71.55 ± 6.62 Con: 70.38 ± 6.73 | 2 DHA capsules (800 mg/d DHA) and 1 placebo tablet (corn starch/day | 2 placebo capsules (soybean oil) and 1 placebo tablet (corn starch)/d | 24 | Full scale IQ Arithmetic Information Digit span Block design Picture arrangement Picture completion | Global Executive function Perceptual speed Memory Visuospatial functions |
Mohammad Jafar Mahmoudi et al., 2014 | Iran | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 199 Int: 100 Con: 99 | mild to moderate cognitive impairment | Int: 74.13 ± 9.96 Con: 75.17 ± 8.70 | 1 capsule/d of Cod liver oil (300 mg/d EPA + DHA) | 1 capsule/d MCTs (coconut oil + glycerol) | 26 | MMSE AMT | Global |
Mathieu Maltais et al., 2022 | Canada | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 193 Int: 96 Con: 97 | Healthy | Int: 49.4 ± 16.4 Con: 50.5 ± 16.6 | Fish oil, 4 × 1 g capsules/d (2500 mg/d n-3 PUFA) | 4 capsules/d of high–oleic acid soybean/corn oil (50/50) | 24 | TMT B Working memory Delayed Cued Recall score Cued letter | Executive function Memory Visuospatial functions |
Bernadette P. Marriott et al., 2021 | USA | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 555 Int: 276 Con: 279 | Healthy | Int: 23.4 ± 2.8 Con: 23.4 ± 2.8 | Krill oil, 8 capsules/d (2300 mg/d n-3 PUFA) | Macadamia nut oil, 8 capsules/d | 20 | Stroop Four choice reaction time Digit symbol Grammatical reasoning Spatial working memory | Executive function Perceptual speed Language Memory |
Robert K. McNamara et al., 2017 | USA | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 37 Int: 17 Con: 20 | subjective cognitive impairment | Int: 69 ± 5.2 Con: 67 ± 4.9 | Fish oil, 4 capsules/d (2400 mg/d EPA + DHA) | Corn oil, 4 capsules/d | 24 | DEX TMT A&B Phonological access Semantic access HVLT | Global Attention Executive function Language Memory |
Alexia Mengelberg et al., 2022 | New Zealand | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 60 Int: 30 Con: 30 | mild cognitive impairment | Int: 72.33 ± 6.16 Con: 73.40 ± 6.96 | 3 capsules/d (1842 mg/d DHA + EPA) + 1.15 mg vit E/capsules | 3 capsules/d (1857 mg/d linoleic acid) + 1.15 mg vit E/capsules | 48 | RBANS TMT B COAST (Stroop) Coin Rotation Task Digit span | Global Executive function Perceptual speed Memory |
C. Moran et al., 2018 | Ireland | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 37 Int: 20 Con: 17 | Healthy | Int: 75.45 ± 3.56 Con: 74.76 ± 3.80 | liquid nutrient support, 200 ml/d (3000 mg/d PUFA + 10mcg vit D + 150 mg resveratrol + 8 g whey protein) | 200 ml/d juice | 24 | TMT A&B Stroop color-word Subjective Awareness TUG real and imagined Category Phoneme AVLT Digit span MI accuracy | Executive function Attention Perceptual speed Language Memory Visuospatial functions |
Matthew P. Pase et al., 2015 | Australia | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 78 Int: 41 Con: 37 | Healthy | Int: 59.51 ± 5.89 Con: 59.19 ± 5.96 | 6 fish oil capsules/d (960 mg/d EPA + DHA) | 6 placebo capsules/d (sunola oil) | 16 | Reaction time Cognitive processing speed Short term memory Visual memory | Perceptual speed Memory |
Michelle A. Phillips et al., 2015 | UK | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 76 Int: 37 Con: 39 | cognitive impairment and AD | Int: 71.1 ± 8.6 Con: 71.1 ± 9.5 | 2 capsules/d (1225 mg/d EPA + DHA) | 2 capsules/d, olive oil | 16 | MMSE Clock test Verbal reasoning Verbal memory Visual memory Word finding test | Global Executive function Language Memory |
Rebecca Power et al., 2021 | Ireland | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 50 Int: 28 Con: 22 | Healthy | Int: 69.03 ± 4.41 Con: 69.77 ± 3.74 | 2 capsules/d containing 1 g fish oil, 22 mg xanthophyll carotenoids and 15 mg vitamin E (520 mg/d EPA + DHA) | Sunflower oil, 2 capsules/d | 96 | RBANS language Spatial working memory RBANS immediate | Language Memory |
Joseph F. Quinn et al., 2010 | USA | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 295 Int: 171 Con: 124 | AD | Int: 76 ± 9.3 Con: 76 ± 7.8 | 2 × 1 g DHA capsules/d (2000 mg/d DHA) | Corn or soy oil, 2 capsules/d | 72 | ADAS-cog CDR ADCS-ADL NPI | Global |
Peter J. Rogers et al., 2007 | UK | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 190 Int: 96 Con: 94 | Healthy | Int: 38 ± 13.5 Con: 38.2 ± 13.7 | 3 capsules/d (1480 mg EPA + DHA, 870 mg olive oil, 7·5 mg mixed tocopherols and 12 mg orange oil daily) | 3 capsules/d (2360 mg olive oil, 7·5 mg mixed tocopherols and 12 mg orange oil daily) | 12 | Visual probe task Reaction time Digit symbol Impulsivity N-back test Lexical decision | Attention Perceptual speed Memory Language |
Natalie Sinn et al., 2011 | Australia | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 40 Int: 16 Con: 11 Int: 13 Con: 11 | mild cognitive impairment | Int: 74.22 ± 7 Con: 73 ± 3.96 Int: 74.88 ± 5.06 Con: 73 ± 3.96 | 4 capsules/d of DHA (1950 mg/d DHA + EPA) 4 capsules/d of EPA (1830 mg/d EPA + DHA) | 4 capsules/d of safflower oil (2200 mg/d LA) | 24 | Letter fluency | Language |
Pinelopi S. Stavrinou et al., 2020 | Cyprus | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 36 Int: 18 Con: 18 | mild cognitive impairment | Int: 77.4 ± 9.2 Con: 81.2 ± 5.3 | 20 mL/d cocktail formula (4950 mg/d n-3 + 4950 mg/d n-6 + 0.6 mg/d vit A + 782 mg/d vit E + citrus-aroma) | 20 mL/d of placebo, pure virgin olive oil | 24 | MMSE ACE-R TMT A&B Stroop color-word Symbol cancellation | Global Executive function Attention Perceptual speed |
Welma Stonehouse et al., 2013 | New Zealand | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 176 Int: 85 Con: 91 | Healthy | Int: 33.4 ± 7.76 Con: 33.2 ± 7.90 | 3 × 750 mg capsules/d (1330 mg/d DHA + EPA) | 3 capsules/d, sunflower oil | 24 | Attention Processing speed Episodic memory Working memory | Attention Perceptual speed Memory |
HisanoriTokuda et al., 2020 | Japan | RA/parallel | M/F: 48 Int: 21 Con: 27 | Healthy | Int: 67.1 ± 1.1 Con: 67.8 ± 0.8 | 6 capsules/d of LCPUFA (400 mg/d DHA + EPA) | 6 capsules/d of purified olive oil | 24 | TMT A&B Stroop color-word KWCST CA Verbal memory Visual memory Digit span Verbal fluency | Attention Executive function Memory Language |
Hisanori Tokuda et al., 2015 | Japan | RA/DB/parallel | M: 69 Int: 30 Con: 39 | Healthy | Int: 59.8 Con: 59.5 | 6 soft-gel capsules/d of LCPUFA (1033 mg/d PUFA) | 6 soft-gel capsules of purified olive oil | 4 | P300 Latency | Perceptual speed |
O. van de Rest et al., 2008 | Netherlands | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 299 Int: 96 Con: 103 Int: 100 Con: 103 | Healthy | Int: 69.9 ± 3.4 Con: 70.1 ± 3.7 Int: 69.5 ± 3.2 Con: 70.1 ± 3.7 | High dose fish oil capsules (1800 mg/d DHA + EPA) Low dose fish oil capsules (400 mg/d DHA + EPA) | Placebo capsules (oleic acid) | 26 | TMT A&B Stroop color-word Word fluency Word learning Digit span forward and backward | Attention Executive function Memory |
A. Veronica Witte et al., 2013 | Germany | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 65 Int: 32 Con: 33 | Healthy | Int: 65 ± 6.3 Con: 62.9 ± 6.8 | 4 fish oil capsules/d (2200 mg/d LCPUFA + 15 mg/d vit E) | 4 sunflower oil capsules/d | 26 | Executive function | Executive function |
Fumihiko Yasuno et al., 2012 | Japan | CT/parallel | M/F: 663 Int: 41 Con: 622 | Healthy | Int: 72.7 ± 4.8 Con: 73 ± 5.4 | Capsules of purified fish oil + lycopene, and Ginkgo biloba leaf dry extracts daily (493 mg/d DHA + EPA) | No supplement | 144 | Composite score Attention Language ability Reasoning Memory | Global Attention Language Memory |
Karin Yurko-Mauro et al., 2010 | USA | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 485 Int: 242 Con: 243 | age-related cognitive decline | Int: 70 ± 9.3 Con: 70 ± 8.7 | 3 soft-gel capsules of algal triglyceride oil (900 mg/d DHA) | 3 soft-gel capsules of corn and soy oil | 24 | MMSE SOC PAL PRM Spatial working memory Recognition verbal memory | Global Executive function Memory |
Yan-Ping Zhang et al., 2017 | China | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 240 Int: 120 Con: 120 | mild cognitive impairment | Int: 73.71 ± 2.24 Con: 73.58 ± 2.65 | 2 g/d algal-derived DHA capsules (2000 mg/d DHA) | Corn oil capsules | 96 | Full scale IQ Verbal IQ Performance IQ Arithmetic Digit symbol Information Comprehension Similarities Vocabulary Digit span Block design Picture arrangement Picture completion Object assembly | Global Executive function Perceptual speed Language Memory Visuospatial functions |
Yan-Ping Zhang et al., 2016 | China | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 240 Int: 120 Con:120 | mild cognitive impairment | Int: 74.49 ± 2.65 Con: 74.57 ± 3.31 | algal-derived DHA, 2 g/d capsules (2000 mg/d DHA) | Corn oil capsules | 48 | Full scale IQ Arithmetic Digit symbol Information Comprehension Similarities Vocabulary Digit span Block design Picture arrangement Picture completion Object assembly | Global Executive function Perceptual speed Language Memory Visuospatial functions |
Avin Tofiq et al., 2021 | Sweden | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 33 Int: 18 Con: 15 | AD | Int: 72 ± 8 Con: 68 ± 7 | 4 × 1 g capsules/d (2300 mg/d n-3 PUFA) | 4 × 1 g capsules/d, corn oil | 24 | MMSE | Global |
Ruihua Dong et al., 2022 | China | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 68 Int: 35 Con: 33 | Neurocognitive impairment | Int: 54.6 ± 9.7 Con: 55.3 ± 9.3 | algal oil DHA capsules (3150 mg/d DHA) | Soy oil capsules | 24 | MMSE GDS | Global |
Chuntida Kamalashiran et al., 2018 | Thailand | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 182 Int: 94 Con: 88 | Mild to Moderate Dementia | Int: 76.9 Con: 75 | 500 mg of perilla oil, 6 capsules/d (1700 mg/d n-3 PUFA) | 500 mg of olive oil, 6 capsules/d | 24 | TMSE MoCA | Global |
Havva Banu Salman et al., 2022 | Turkey | RA/parallel | M/F: 40 Int: 20 Con: 20 | Healthy | Int: 41.8 ± 8.8 Con: 43.4 ± 8.4 | 1020 mg/d omega-3 PUFA + weight loss diet | No supplement + weight loss diet | 12 | MoCA | Global |
Pan-Yen Lin et al., 2021 | Taiwan | RA/DB/parallel | M/F: 163 Int: 123 Con: 40 | AD and mild cognitive impairment | Int (EPA): 77.80 ± 8.49 Int (DHA): 78.95 ± 7.89 Int(EPA + DHA): 76.73 ± 9.15 Con: 78.10 ± 8.59 | 4 × 0.5 g capsules/d (EPA group: 1600 mg/d, DHA group: 700 mg/d, EPA + DHA group: 1150 mg/d) | 4 × 0.5 g capsules/d, soybean oil | 96 | MMSE GDS ADAS-cog | Global |
Bjørn Lundbergh et al., 2022 | Denmark | RA/DB/crossover | M/F: 22 Int: 11 Con: 11 | ASD (autism) | Int: 28 ± 7 Con: 28 ± 7 | 5.2 g/d n-3 PUFA from fish oil, 4 capsules/d (4000 mg EPA + DHA) | 2·8 g/d of linoleic acid from the Safflower oil, 4 capsules/d | 8 | Corsi Blocks tests Stroop color-word Relative Stroop effect d2 test | Memory Attention |
Toshiaki Sueyasu et al., 2023 | Japan | RA/DB/parallel | (trial 1) M/F: 71 Int: 35 Con: 36 (trial 2) M/F: 180 Int: 92 Con: 88 | memory complaints but no dementia | (trail 1) Int: 65.7 Con: 65 (trial 2) Int: 65.1 Con: 65.1 | 6 soft-gel capsules containing LCPUFAs + lutein and zeaxanthin (400 mg/d EPA + DHA) | 6 soft-gel capsules containing safflower and olive oil | 12 | Composite memory Verbal memory Visual memory | Memory |
