Fig. 3

Histogram presenting countries using a virtual reality simulation (VRS) surgical license for surgery learning prior to patient access. The number of training centers using a surgical license, according to respondents declarations, are represented in light grey for each country, with percentages from the total number of training center in the corresponding country (represented in dark grey). *Training centers represented in light grey (i.e., applying mandatory VRS) are: Minsk (Belarus), Brussels (Belgium), Copenhagen and Golstrup (Denmark), Grenoble, Paris and Strasbourg (France), Munich (Germany), Athens (Greece), Mumbai and Orrisa (India), Riga (Latvia), Antananarivo, Fianarantsoa, Morondava, Sambava, Toamasina and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar), Mexico City, Queretaro and Puebla mexico (Mexico), The Hague and Utrecht (The Netherlands) and Los Angeles and Portland (United States).