Fig. 6
(a) Spatial distribution of cumulative incident density across wards in the buffer zones of Bardia and Chitwan National Parks, caused by four megafauna species (tiger, leopard, rhino, and elephant). (b) Species-specific incident density (number of incidents per square kilometer) by ward. Each polygon within the buffer zone represents a ward—the smallest administrative unit in Nepal. Dark red polygons indicate conflict hotspots, green polygons indicate no reported incidents (“0”), and brown represents the core protected areas. Breaks were defined using the “classInt” package in R with the “quantile” method86. Map generated using QGIS version 3.28 (https://qgis.org); Protected area boundaries88; administrative boundaries of Nepal: Open Data Nepal [https://opendatanepal.com/dataset/nepal-municipalities-wise-geographic-data-shp-geojson-topojson-kml]. This map figure was made by BN (first author).
