Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants.

From: Impact of smoking and physical activity on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes across steatotic liver disease categories

 

Never or former smoker

Never or former smoker

Current smoker

Current smoker

p-value

Regular exercise

Irregular exercise

Regular exercise

Irregular exercise

Group 1 (N = 335222)

Group 2 (N = 1120489)

Group 3 (N = 85793)

Group 4 (N = 379806)

Age, years

60.14 ± 10.61

59.74 ± 11.85

53.12 ± 10.80

51.81 ± 10.63

< 0.001

Age groups

    

< 0.001

 < 40

10,168 (3.03)

50,374 (4.50)

8868 (10.34)

44,719 (11.77)

 

 40–64

208,368 (62.16)

684,597 (61.10)

64,820 (75.55)

293,442 (77.26)

 

 ≥ 65

116,686 (34.81)

385,518 (34.41)

12,105 (14.11)

41,645 (10.96)

 

Sex

    

< 0.001

 Male

200,415 (59.79)

540,588 (48.25)

82,081 (95.67)

356,820 (93.95)

 

 Female

134,807 (40.21)

579,901 (51.75)

3712 (4.33)

22,986 (6.05)

 

BMI, kg/m2

25.11 ± 3.27

25.49 ± 3.60

25.18 ± 3.48

25.35 ± 3.69

< 0.001

BMI

    

< 0.001

 < 18.5

3221 (0.96)

13,832 (1.23)

1113 (1.30)

6436 (1.69)

 

 18.5–22.9

81,882 (24.43)

250,266 (22.34)

21,157 (24.66)

90,540 (23.84)

 

 23.0-24.9

87,476 (26.09)

264,770 (23.63)

21,644 (25.23)

88,660 (23.34)

 

 25.0-29.9

138,194 (41.22)

475,922 (42.47)

34,556 (40.28)

155,071 (40.83)

 

 ≥ 30.0

24,449 (7.29)

115,699 (10.33)

7323 (8.54)

39,099 (10.29)

 

Waist circumference, cm

85.06 ± 8.58

85.85 ± 9.14

86.60 ± 8.48

87.37 ± 8.93

< 0.001

SBP, mmHg

128.52 ± 14.75

128.60 ± 15.09

127.46 ± 14.48

127.48 ± 14.73

< 0.001

DBP, mmHg

77.80 ± 9.70

78.15 ± 9.91

78.89 ± 9.97

79.40 ± 10.15

< 0.001

Fasting glucose, mg/dL

141.14 ± 40.23

144.65 ± 45.05

150.03 ± 48.20

155.09 ± 51.44

< 0.001

Total cholesterol, mg/dL

184.72 ± 42.04

188.52 ± 43.78

189.45 ± 43.13

193.35 ± 44.36

< 0.001

HDL-C, mg/dL

52.63 ± 15.10

51.71 ± 14.74

50.19 ± 14.57

49.09 ± 14.91

< 0.001

LDL-C, mg/dL

103.73 ± 37.21

106.21 ± 38.69

104.36 ± 38.42

106.63 ± 39.34

< 0.001

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2

89.14 ± 52.48

89.12 ± 48.60

95.51 ± 64.82

96.60 ± 64.94

< 0.001

Triglyceride, mg/dL

124.38 (124.15-124.61)

135.28 (135.14-135.42)

156.30 (155.67-156.92)

170.97 (170.64-171.29)

< 0.001

Low income

66,938 (19.97)

245,621 (21.92)

16,879 (19.67)

79,926 (21.04)

< 0.001

Hypertension

186,513 (55.64)

632,457 (56.44)

40,560 (47.28)

175,333 (46.16)

< 0.001

Dyslipidemia

187,469 (55.92)

635,591 (56.72)

40,330 (47.01)

180,794 (47.60)

< 0.001

CKD

27,628 (8.24)

103,676 (9.25)

3663 (4.27)

15,501 (4.08)

< 0.001

Smoking

    

< 0.001

 Never

214,627 (64.03)

812,517 (72.51)

–

–

 

 Former

120,595 (35.97)

307,972 (27.49)

–

–

 

 Current

–

–

85,793 (100)

379,806 (100)

 

Alcohol consumption

   

< 0.001

 None

192,969 (57.56)

722,972 (64.52)

22,558 (26.29)

101,661 (26.77)

 

 Mild

117,003 (34.90)

320,738 (28.62)

46,720 (54.46)

198,024 (52.14)

 

 Heavy

20,344 (6.07)

60,942 (5.44)

13,005 (15.16)

62,157 (16.37)

 

 Excessive

4906 (1.46)

15,837 (1.41)

3510 (4.09)

17,964 (4.73)

 

Regular exercise

335,222 (100)

–

85,793 (100)

-

< 0.001

CCI score, ≥5

53,406 (15.93)

179,801 (6.05)

8576 (10.00)

35,190 (9.27)

< 0.001

CCI score

2.55 ± 2.00

2.52 ± 2.04

1.96 ± 1.86

1.84 ± 1.84

< 0.001

DM duration

    

< 0.001

 New onset

94,278 (28.12)

336,855 (30.06)

34,551 (40.27)

167,361 (44.06)

 

 < 5 years

88,972 (26.54)

314,931 (28.11)

21,985 (25.63)

99,779 (26.27)

 

 5–9 years

66,867 (19.95)

217,006 (19.37)

14,449 (16.84)

59,086 (15.56)

 

 ≥ 10 years

85,105 (25.39)

251,697 (22.46)

14,808 (17.26)

53,580 (14.11)

 

OHA, ≥3

73,001 (21.78)

251,144 (22.41)

17,536 (20.44)

77,412 (20.38)

< 0.001

Metformin

217,739 (64.95)

711,870 (63.53)

47,229 (55.05)

197,526 (52.01)

< 0.001

Sulfonylurea

109,122 (32.55)

368,810 (32.92)

25,019 (29.16)

105,976 (27.90)

< 0.001

TZD

24,145 (7.20)

82,116 (7.33)

5684 (6.63)

24,313 (6.40)

< 0.001

DPP-4 inhibitor

134,201 (40.03)

438,013 (39.09)

30,219 (35.22)

128,744 (33.90)

< 0.001

Meglitinide

1498 (0.45)

4765 (0.43)

257 (0.30)

980 (0.26)

< 0.001

SGLT-2 inhibitor

8282 (2.47)

30,173 (2.69)

1847 (2.15)

8649 (2.28)

< 0.001

GLP-1 RA

116 (0.03)

466 (0.04)

25 (0.03)

95 (0.03)

< 0.001

Insulin use

22,908 (6.83)

81,450 (7.27)

4984 (5.81)

21,281 (5.60)

< 0.001

SLD group

   

< 0.001

 No Steatosis

155,140 (46.28)

455,780 (40.68)

25,509 (29.73)

95,551 (25.16)

 

 MASLD

154,380 (46.05)

581,741 (51.92)

44,450 (51.81)

206,230 (54.30)

 

 MetALD

14,686 (4.38)

47,063 (4.20)

9594 (11.18)

48,086 (12.66)

 

 ALD

11,016 (3.29)

35,905 (3.20)

6240 (7.27)

29,939 (7.88)

 
  1. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or number (%).
  2. ALD, alcohol-related liver disease; BMI, body mass index; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLP-1 RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MASLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; MetALD, metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-related steatotic liver disease; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; SGLT, sodium glucose co-transporter; SLD, steatotic liver disease; TZD, thiazolidinedione.
Back to article page