Table 3 Associations between inflammatory markers and respiratory symptoms stratified by smoking status (odds ratios (OR) per unit with 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for gender, age, body mass index and study site).

From: The association between systemic inflammation, lung function and respiratory symptoms in the BOLD study in Northern Europe

 

Cough w/o cold

Chronic cough

Phlegm w/o cold

Chronic phlegm

Wheeze

mMRC ≥ 2

 

OR (95%CI)

p-value

OR (95%CI)

p-value

OR (95%CI)

p-value

OR (95%CI)

p-value

OR (95%CI)

p-value

OR (95%CI)

p-value

Never smokers

Total WBC (109/L)

1.06 (1.00, 1.12)

0.069

1.04 (0.95, 1.15)

0.360

0.99 (0.88, 1.12)

0.896

1.00 (0.86, 1.16)

0.993

1.01 (0.90, 1.12)

0.894

1.06 (0.91, 1.24)

0.449

Neutrophils (109/L)

1.21 (1.08, 1.35)

0.001

1.07 (0.80, 1.45)

0.639

0.97 (0.75, 1.25)

0.787

0.99 (0.71, 1.39)

0.960

0.93 (0.73, 1.18)

0.564

1.57 (1.07, 2.29)

0.021

Lymphocytes (109/L)

0.98 (0.89, 1.09)

0.744

1.04 (0.94, 1.16)

0.440

0.97 (0.78, 1.19)

0.759

1.00 (0.83, 1.20)

0.994

1.01 (0.89, 1.16)

0.840

0.84 (0.50, 1.38)

0.483

NLR

1.16 (1.02, 1.32)

0.025

0.82 (0.55, 1.22)

0.323

0.90 (0.66, 1.22)

0.501

0.80 (0.51, 1.25)

0.331

0.73 (0.53, 1.02)

0.063

1.58 (1.07, 2.33)

0.022

Monocytes (1010/L)

1.06 (0.97, 1.15)

0.180

1.16 (0.94, 1.42)

0.162

1.11 (0.93, 1.32)

0.261

1.15 (0.92, 1.44)

0.231

1.06 (0.90, 1.25)

0.514

1.13 (0.86, 1.49)

0.376

Eosinophils (1010/L)

1.14 (1.04, 1.24)

0.005

1.05 (0.86, 1.28)

0.642

1.25 (1.08, 1.43)

0.002

0.96 (0.74, 1.24)

0.744

1.23 (1.07, 1.42)

0.003

0.95 (0.72, 1.26)

0.720

Basophils (1010/L)

1.29 (0.96, 1.74)

0.097

0.74 (0.33, 1.67)

0.469

0.60 (0.29, 1.25)

0.172

0.33 (0.11, 1.03)

0.055

1.25 (0.68, 2.28)

0.475

1.30 (0.45, 3.73)

0.631

Former smokers

Total WBC (109/L)

1.09 (0.97, 1.22)

0.158

1.16 (1.00, 1.35)

0.058

1.14 (1.01, 1.29)

0.032

1.14 (0.98, 1.32)

0.081

1.26 (1.11, 1.44)

< 0.001

1.25 (1.04, 1.50)

0.020

Neutrophils (109/L)

1.20 (1.02, 1.41)

0.026

1.29 (1.05, 1.59)

0.015

1.33 (1.12, 1.57)

0.001

1.33 (1.09, 1.62)

0.005

1.36 (1.14, 1.62)

0.001

1.57 (1.19, 2.07)

0.002

Lymphocytes (109/L)

0.92 (0.70, 1.20)

0.526

1.01 (0.73, 1.42)

0.932

0.85 (0.60, 1.20)

0.353

0.86 (0.55, 1.34)

0.505

1.12 (0.90, 1.39)

0.327

0.97 (0.64, 1.45)

0.871

NLR

1.17 (0.98, 1.41)

0.088

1.15 (0.89, 1.49)

0.278

1.29 (1.07, 1.56)

0.009

1.27 (1.01, 1.60)

0.043

1.08 (0.89, 1.32)

0.430

1.45 (1.09, 1.94)

0.012

Monocytes (1010/L)

1.02 (0.90, 1.16)

0.726

1.02 (0.85, 1.23)

0.848

1.03 (0.90, 1.18)

0.619

0.98 (0.82, 1.16)

0.778

1.15 (1.01, 1.31)

0.036

1.32 (1.04, 1.67)

0.024

Eosinophils (1010/L)

1.10 (0.95, 1.27)

0.200

1.12 (0.91, 1.37)

0.275

1.09 (0.93, 1.27)

0.289

1.09 (0.90, 1.33)

0.371

1.37 (1.17, 1.60)

< 0.001

1.04 (0.77, 1.40)

0.811

Basophils (1010/L)

1.06 (0.68, 1.67)

0.788

1.10 (0.57,2.14)

0.769

1.24 (0.77, 2.00)

0.384

1.78 (0.98, 3.25)

0.058

2.11 (1.31, 3.41)

0.002

1.81 (0.74, 4.40)

0.193

Current smokers

Total WBC (109/L)

1.40 (1.11, 1.78)

0.005

0.99 (0.69, 1.42)

0.952

1.32 (1.04, 1.68)

0.021

1.00 (0.72, 1.40)

0.998

1.07 (0.86, 1.33)

0.558

1.08 (0.68, 1.72)

0.749

Neutrophils (109/L)

1.49 (1.10, 2.01)

0.010

0.82 (0.50, 1.37)

0.456

1.28 (0.95, 1.73)

0.109

0.82 (0.52, 1.30)

0.399

1.07 (0.80, 1.42)

0.650

1.15 (0.61, 2.19)

0.667

Lymphocytes (109/L)

1.76 (0.97, 3.21)

0.064

1.92 (0.72, 5.12)

0.195

2.04 (1.08, 3.88)

0.029

1.91 (0.80, 4.53)

0.143

1.00 (0.56, 1.79)

0.994

0.80 (0.24, 2.70)

0.719

NLR

1.28 (0.86, 1.91)

0.226

0.51 (0.18, 1.45)

0.207

1.14 (0.74, 1.75)

0.563

0.73 (0.35, 1.52)

0.405

1.18 (0.79, 1.78)

0.415

1.65 (0.85, 3.19)

0.138

Monocytes (1010/L)

1.24 (0.99, 1.55)

0.058

1.07 (0.73, 1.56)

0.724

1.16 (0.92, 1.46)

0.214

1.04 (0.74, 1.46)

0.805

1.14 (0.91, 1.41)

0.254

1.27 (0.77, 2.09)

0.345

Eosinophils (1010/L)

0.94 (0.70, 1.27)

0.682

0.81 (0.44, 1.47)

0.486

1.17 (0.86, 1.60)

0.308

0.91 (0.58, 1.44)

0.686

1.26 (0.93, 1.70)

0.141

1.10 (0.58, 2.06)

0.776

Basophils (1010/L)

2.56 (1.12, 5.86)

0.026

3.98 (0.89, 17.86)

0.071

6.27 (2.10, 18.73)

0.001

6.12 (1.36, 27.56)

0.018

1.89 (0.85, 4.22)

0.121

4.44 (0.77, 25.63)

0.095

  1. mMRC = modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale, WBC = white blood cells, NLR = neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio. CI of ORs not including 1 are in bold.
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