Table 5 Summary of parameters and their descriptions.

From: Segmentation-enhanced approach for emotion detection from EEG signals using the fuzzy C-mean and SVM

Parameter/symbol

Description

xi

i-th data point or feature vector

cj

Center of the j-th cluster (used in FCM)

uij

Membership degree of xix_i in cluster cjc_j (FCM)

m

Fuzziness parameter in FCM controlling degree of overlap (typically > 1)

w, b

Weight vector and bias term in SVM defining the decision hyperplane

ξi

Slack variable to allow soft-margin classification (SVM)

C

Regularization parameter in SVM controlling margin vs. error trade-off

γ

Parameter in kernel functions controlling spread or influence

Filters

Number of learnable filters in CNN convolutional layers

Kernel size

Size of convolutional kernel (e.g., (3,3)) in CNN

Pool size

Size of pooling window used in MaxPooling layers

Units

Number of memory cells or neurons in the LSTM layer

Activation

Activation function used in LSTM or CNN (e.g., ReLU, softmax)

Epochs

Number of full training passes over the dataset

Batch size

Number of training samples processed in each iteration

Optimizer

Algorithm used to update model weights (e.g., Adam)

Learning rate

Controls the step size in weight updates during training

N estimators

Number of decision trees used in Random Forest

Max depth

Maximum depth of any individual decision tree in the forest