Fig. 1

Leaf fresh weight (FW) per plant in grapevine ‘Castellana Negra’ measured at the end of the trial (75 days after treatment, DAT). Values are presented as means ± standard errors, calculated from all leaves collected per plant (n = 16 plants per treatment). The treatments are designated as control (CT), NaCl (90 mM), NaCl (90 mM) + Si (10 mM), and NaCl (90 mM) + proline (10 mM). Different letters denote significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05) as determined by ANOVA and Duncan’s test.