Table 1 Characteristics of older adults with MBI (n = 328).
Variables | n (%) | MBI-C Mean ± SD | Statistic | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 1.738 | 0.159 | ||
60 ~ 69 | 56 (17.07) | 4.36 ± 5.68 | ||
70 ~ 79 | 52 (15.85) | 6.00 ± 6.32 | ||
80 ~ 89 | 199 (60.67) | 6.44 ± 6.56 | ||
≥ 90 | 21 (6.40) | 7.10 ± 6.79 | ||
Gender | −0.045 | 0.964 | ||
Male | 119 (36.28) | 6.03 ± 6.18 | ||
Female | 209 (63.72) | 6.07 ± 6.57 | ||
Educational Level | 0.274 | 0.844 | ||
Illiterate | 69 (21.04) | 6.45 ± 5.38 | ||
Primary education (≤ 6 years) | 63 (19.21) | 6.44 ± 6.95 | ||
Secondary education (7 ~ 12 years) | 134 (40.85) | 5.81 ± 6.75 | ||
Higher education (≥ 13 years) | 62 (18.90) | 5.76 ± 6.30 | ||
Marital Status | −5.083 | < 0.001 | ||
Married | 142 (43.29) | 4.15 ± 4.97 | ||
Single/Divorced/Widowed | 186 (56.71) | 7.51 ± 7.01 | ||
State of Residence | −0.780 | 0.436 | ||
Living Alone | 84 (25.61) | 5.58 ± 5.68 | ||
Living With Others (e.g. spouse, siblings, relatives and friends, and strangers) | 244 (74.39) | 6.22 ± 6.66 | ||
Occupation Before Retirement | 1.001 | 0.369 | ||
Mental Work | 162 (49.39) | 5.57 ± 6.07 | ||
Physical Work | 149 (45.43) | 6.46 ± 6.60 | ||
Others | 17 (5.18) | 7.12 ± 7.96 | ||
History of Diabetes | −0.475 | 0.635 | ||
No | 235 (71.65) | 5.95 ± 6.42 | ||
Yes | 93 (28.35) | 6.32 ± 6.45 | ||
History of Hypertension | −1.754 | 0.080 | ||
No | 147 (44.82) | 5.37 ± 6.04 | ||
Yes | 181 (55.18) | 6.61 ± 6.67 | ||
History of Coronary Heart Disease | −1.779 | 0.076 | ||
No | 297 (90.55) | 5.85 ± 6.28 | ||
Yes | 31 (9.45) | 8.00 ± 7.47 | ||
History of Chronic Pain | −3.791 | < 0.001 | ||
No | 270 (82.32) | 5.44 ± 6.06 | ||
Yes | 58 (17.68) | 8.90 ± 7.28 | ||
History of COVID-19 | 0.233 | 0.816 | ||
No | 229 (69.82) | 6.11 ± 6.07 | ||
Yes | 99 (30.18) | 5.93 ± 7.20 | ||
Psychitalic Drug Use | 6.445 | 0.002 | ||
Never Before Used | 278 (84.76) | 5.62 ± 6.19 | ||
Used in the Past | 9 (2.74) | 12.33 ± 6.56 | ||
Still Using | 41 (12.50) | 7.66 ± 7.07 | ||
Smoking | −1.060 | 0.290 | ||
No | 265 (80.79) | 5.87 ± 6.38 | ||
Yes (smoking was defined as at least one cigarette per day for six months or longer and was divided into current smokers) | 63 (19.21) | 6.83 ± 6.56 | ||
Alcohol Consumption | −0.604 | 0.546 | ||
No | 270 (82.32) | 5.96 ± 6.44 | ||
Yes (alcohol consumption was defined as at least once a week, with a minimum alcohol consumption of 50 mL for 6 months or longer) | 58 (17.68) | 6.52 ± 6.37 | ||
Eating Habits | 4.541 | 0.011 | ||
Balanced Diet | 212 (64.63) | 5.27 ± 5.83 | ||
Meat-based Diet | 22 (6.71) | 7.36 ± 7.53 | ||
Vegetarian Diet | 94 (28.66) | 7.51 ± 7.15 | ||
Smartphone Use | 3.561 | < 0.001 | ||
No | 115 (35.06) | 7.83 ± 7.05 | ||
Yes | 213 (64.94) | 5.09 ± 5.85 | ||
Participation in Physical Activity | 3.347 | 0.019 | ||
Never | 37 (11.28) | 8.27 ± 8.53 | ||
Occasionally | 69 (21.04) | 5.86 ± 6.42 | ||
Often | 45 (13.72) | 3.87 ± 4.21 | ||
Always | 177 (53.96) | 6.23 ± 6.25 | ||
Participation in Recreational Activity | 5.962 | < 0.001 | ||
Never | 147 (44.82) | 7.51 ± 7.20 | ||
Occasionally | 70 (21.34) | 5.96 ± 6.37 | ||
Often | 42 (12.80) | 3.88 ± 3.72 | ||
Always | 69 (21.04) | 4.38 ± 5.18 |
