Fig. 1 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 1

From: Interspecific competition with the American Xanthium orientale L. as a possible cause of the decline of the Old-World X. strumarium L.

Fig. 1

(a) Details of the burs of a Xanthium orientale subsp. italicum individual growing near Vers-Pont-du-Gard, Gard department, South France (photo: Natascha Wagner). (b) X. strumarium growing at the Old Botanical Garden of the Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Germany. (c) Seedlings of X. strumarium (small) and X. orientale subsp. italicum (tall) during the competition experiments carried out in 2022. Burs were sowed in the same day, and the picture was taken approximately two weeks after the first germination. (d) Two trays of the allelopathy experiments carried out in 2023. Seedlings belong to the same species, the tray on the left was watered with distilled water (control), the one on the right with the leachate of the leaves of X. orientale (treatment). (e) Competition experiments in summer 2022 in the Old Botanical Garden of the Georg-August-University of Göttingen. Plants in the front are X. strumarium (control and intraspecific competition pots), in the back pots containing also X. orientale subsp. italicum (tall plants; Interspecific competition).

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