Table 3 Bivariate analysis of categorical variables in relation to the risk of postpartum depression.

Socio-demographics

Nationality

Portuguese

196 (72.3)

75 (27.7)

271 (100.0)

\({\chi }_{(\text{1,301})}^{2}\) = .014; p = .907

Foreign

22 (73.3)

8 (26.7)

30 (100.0)

Level of education

< 9 years

40 (70.2)

17 (29.8)

57 (100.0)

\({\chi }_{(\text{1,301})}^{2}\) = .274; p = .872

≥ 9–12  years

93 (73.8)

33 (26.2)

126 (100.0)

Higher education

85 (72.0)

33 (28.0)

118 (100.0)

Preparation for motherhood

Attended antenatal classes

No

103 (71.5)

41 (28.5)

144 (100.0)

\({\chi }_{(\text{1,301})}^{2}\) = .111; p = .739

Yes

115 (73.2)

42 (26.8)

157 (100.0)

Pregnancy planning

Unplanned

69 (59.5)

47 (40.5)

116 (100.0)

\({\chi }_{(\text{1,301})}^{2}\) = 15.830; p < .001

Planned

149 (80.5)

36 (19.5)

185 (100.0)

Pregnancy complications

No

179 (74.0)

63 (26.0)

242 (100.0)

\({\chi }_{(\text{1,301})}^{2}\) = 1.469; p = .225

Yes

39(66.1)

20 (33.9)

59 (100.0)

Experience Of labour, postpartum

Type of delivery

Vaginal/normal

97 (69.8)

42 (30.2)

139 (100.0)

\({\chi }_{(\text{3,301})}^{2}\) = 1.893; p = .595

Forceps/vacuum

44 (75.9)

14 (24.1)

58 (100.0)

Urgent C-section

43 (70.5)

18 (29.5)

61 (100.0)

Elective c-section

34 (79.1)

9 (20.9)

43 (100.0)

Mode of delivery

Eutócic

97 (69.8)

42 (30.2)

139 (100.0)

\({\chi }_{(\text{1,301})}^{2}\) = .902; p = .342

Intervened

121 (74.7)

41 (25.3)

162 (100.0)

Felt strong in labour

Not strong

51 (58.0)

37 (42.0)

88 (100.0)

\({\chi }_{(\text{1,301})}^{2}\) = 13.039; p < .001

Yes stong

167 (78.4)

46 (21.6)

213 (100.0)

Fear during labour

No-fear

106 (82.8)

22 (17.2)

128 (100.0)

\({\chi }_{(\text{1,301})}^{2}\) = 12.032; p < .001

Yes-fear

112 (65.7)

61 (35.3)

173 (100.0)

Self-control in labour

No-control

126 (77.8)

36 (22.2)

162 (100.0)

\({\chi }_{(\text{1,301})}^{2}\) = 5.032; p = .025

Yes-control

92 (66.2)

47 (33.8)

139 (100.0)

Companion during labour

Support figure in labour

No-nobody

117 (66.1)

60 (33.9)

177 (100.0)

\({\chi }_{(\text{2,301})}^{2}\) = 12.855; p = .002

Yes-family

84 (85.7)

14 (14.3)

98 (100.0)

Yes-health professional

17 (65.4)

9 (34.6)

26 (100.0)

Nurses support

No-support

39 (61.9)

24 (38.1)

63 (100.0)

\({\chi }_{(\text{1,301})}^{2}\) = 4.416; p = .036

Yes-support

179 (75.2)

59 (25.8)

238 (100.0)

Newborn contact and feeding

Newborn gender

Male

111 (75.0)

37 (25.0)

148 (100.0)

\({\chi }_{(\text{1,301})}^{2}\) = .967; p = .326

Female

107 (69.9)

46 (30.1)

153 (100.0)

Skin-to-skin

No

86 (73.5)

31 (26.5)

117 (100.0)

\({\chi }_{(\text{1,301})}^{2}\) = .112; p = .738

Yes

132 (71.7)

52(28.3)

184 (100.0)

Breastfed in the first hour

No

77 (72.6)

29 (27.4)

106 (100.0)

\({\chi }_{(\text{1,301})}^{2}\) = .004; p = .951

Yes

141 (72.3)

54 (27.7)

195 (100.0)

Breastfeeding difficulties

No

147 (75.4)

48 (24.6)

195 (100.0)

\({\chi }_{(\text{1,301})}^{2}\) = 2.428; p = .119

Yes

71 (67.0)

35 (33.0)

106 (100.0)

Feeding your child now

Exclusive breastfeeding-No

82 (70.7)

34 (29.3)

116 (100.0)

\({\chi }_{(\text{1,301})}^{2}\) = .285; p = .594

Exclusive breastfeeding-Yes

136 (73.5)

49 (26.5)

185 (100.0)