Table 2 Characteristics of the studies.

From: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the global prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistant Morganella morganii clinical isolates

No	Author	Sampling period	Location	Source	Sample type	Diagnoses	AST method	Antibiotic(s) tested	Quality score
1	Ahmed, N. J. 2021²¹	2021	Saudi Arabia	Military hospital	Various	NR	NR	Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin Norfloxacin	3
2	Al-Muhanna, A. S. 2016⁷	2014–2015	Iraq	Alsader Teaching Hospital, Al Najaf General Hospital, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Hospital	NR	NR	MIC	Ciprofloxacin Pefloxacin	7
3	Alamri, A. 2018²²	2013–2016	Saudi Arabia	Aseer Central Hospital	Urine	UTI	VITEK®2	Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin Norfloxacin	7
4	Alamri, A. 2021²³	2013–2016	Saudi Arabia	Aseer Central Hospital	Urine	UTI	VITEK®2	Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin	6
5	Alavudeen, S.S. 2017²⁴	2015	Saudi Arabia	Aseer Central Hospital	Various	Septicemia, UTI, SSTI	Disk diffusion	Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin	6
6	AlborNoz, E. 2017²⁵	2007	Argentina	66 hospitals in the WHONET–Argentina Resistance Surveillance Network	NR	NR	Disk diffusion	Nalidixic acid Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin	6
7	Alsaadi, A. 2024¹	2015–2022	Saudi Arabia	1 central, 2 western, 2 eastern hospitals	Blood	Septicemia	MIC	Ciprofloxacin	8
8	Ferreira, T. D. C. 2021²⁶	2012–2017	Brazil	Cancer Hospital I of the National Cancer Institute	Blood	Neoplastic disease	VITEK®2	Ciprofloxacin	7
9	Flores-Paredes, W. 2021²⁷	2009–2014	Peru	Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen	NR	NR	Automated MicroScan system	Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin	8
10	Fuchs, P. C. 2000²⁸	NR	USA	North American medical centers	NR	NR	MIC	Gemifloxacin Ciprofloxacin Trovafloxacin	7
11	Guan, H. 2021²⁹	2018–2020	China	195 hospitals in China	Wound swab	Chronic cutaneous wound	VITEK®2	Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin	7
12	Guermazi-Toumi, S. 2018³⁰	2015–2016	Tunisia	Gafsa Hospital	Urine	UTI	Disk diffusion	Nalidixic acid	6
13	Hawser, S. 2023³¹	2017–2020	Worldwide	Worldwide	Urine, blood, sputum, abscess, swab	NR	MIC	Levofloxacin	6
14	Hoban, D.J. 2010³²	2002– 2007	Worldwide	Worldwide	NR	Intra-abdominal infection	MIC	Ciprofloxacin	8
15	Hoban, D.J. 2012³³	2009–2010	North America, Europe	NR	Urine	UTI	MIC	Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin	6
16	Hombach, M. 2012³⁴	2009–2011	Switzerland	University Hospital of Zürich	NR	NR	Disk diffusion	Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin Norfloxacin	7
17	Hrbacek, J. 2021³⁵	2011–2019	Czech Republic	Thomayer University Hospital	Urine	UTI	MIC	Ciprofloxacin Ofloxacin	9
18	Hsueh, P.R. 2012³⁶	2002–2010	Asia Pacific	Worldwide	NR	Intra-abdominal infection	Disk diffusion	Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin	6
19	Ince, D. 2023¹⁴	2019	USA	USA hospitals	Blood	UTI, intra-abdominal infection,	Disk diffusion	Ciprofloxacin	8
20	Jain, N. 2021³⁷	2017–2020	Latvia	Paul Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga	Bronchoalveolar lavage, wound, urine, sputum, blood, catheter, trophic ulcer, abscess	NR	Disk diffusion	Ciprofloxacin	9
21	Jean, S.S. 2016³⁸	2010–2013	Worldwide	Worldwide	Urine	UTI	MIC	Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin	9
22	Jean, S.S. 2009³⁹	2005	Taiwan	Surveillance of Multicenter Antimicrobial Resistance in Taiwan (SMART)	Blood, sputum, pleural effusion, ascites, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid	Respiratory tract, bloodstream infection	MIC	Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin	7
23	Jia, P. 2022⁴⁰	2018	China	15 Chinese provinces	Bronchoalveolar lavage, wound, urine, sputum, blood, catheter, trophic ulcer, abscess	Bloodstream infection, skin and soft tissue infection, UTI, abdominal cavity infection, lower respiratory tract infection	MIC	Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin	8
24	Jiménez-Guerra, G. 2020⁴¹	2006–2010	Spain	Hospital Virgen de las Nieves	Urine	UTI	MIC	Ciprofloxacin	7
25	Jing, Y. 2022⁴²	2013–2019	China	Chinese public hospitals	NR	NR	MIC	Ciprofloxacin	7
26	Jones, M. E. 2004⁴³	2000–2002	USA, Canada, Italy, Germany, France	The Surveillance Network (TSN) databases in Europe (France, Germany, Italy), Canada, and the USA	NR	NR	MIC and disk diffusion	Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin	7
27	Karlowsky, J.A. 2013⁴⁴	2010– 2012	Canada	15 Canadian hospitals	Blood, respiratory source, urine, wound	Blood, respiratory, urine, wound infection	MIC	Ciprofloxacin	7
28	Karlowsky, J.A. 2022⁴⁵	2018–2020	Morocco	3 medical center laboratories	Various	Blood, intra-abdominal, respiratory tract, skin and soft tissue, urinary tract infection	MIC	Levofloxacin	9
29	Karlowsky, J.A. 2002⁴⁶	1996–2000	USA	TSN database–USA (network of laboratories)	Various	NR	MIC and disk diffusion	Ciprofloxacin	6
30	Karlowsky, J.A. 2011⁴⁷	2007–2009	Canada	Tertiary care medical centers (12 in 2007, 10 in 2008, 15 in 2009)	Urine	UTI	MIC	Ciprofloxacin	7
31	Laupland, B. 2022⁵	2000–2019	Australia	Laboratory surveillance, Queensland	Blood	Blood infection	VITEK AST card and disk diffusion	Ciprofloxacin	9
32	Ko, K.S. 2008⁴⁸	2005	South Korea	8 tertiary care hospitals	Sputum, blood, bile, aspirate, urine, pus, peritoneal fluid, skin, nasal, wound	NR	MIC	Ciprofloxacin	6
33	Lai, C.C. 2019⁴⁹	2016	Taiwan	7 medical centers	Sputum/endotracheal aspirate, blood, urine, pus, ascites	NR	MIC	Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin	6
34	Lepelletier, D. 2006⁵⁰	2000–2002	France	5 wards, Nantes University Hospital	Rectal swab	NR	API 20E system	Ofloxacin	7
35	Liao, J.X. 2023⁵¹	2011	USA	Veterans Affairs Medical Centers	Blood, respiratory, urine, skin, tissue, other	NR	MIC	Ciprofloxacin	7
36	Lin, T.Y. 2015⁵²	2003–2012	Taiwan	Tri-Service General Hospital	Blood	Bacteremia	Disk diffusion	Ciprofloxacin	9
37	Livermore, D.M. 2003⁵³	1991–2001	UK and Irish Republic	28 hospitalized patients in the UK and Irish Republic	NR	Clinically significant infection	MIC	Ciprofloxacin	8
38	Low, D.E. 1999⁵⁴	1996	Canada	50 laboratories representing 9 provinces and serving hospitals, nursing homes, and physician offices in the community	NR	NR	MIC	Ciprofloxacin	5
39	Lu, P.L. 2012⁵⁵	2009–2010	China, Taiwan, New Zealand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Thailand, South Korea	38 medical centers	Urine	Upper UTI	MIC	Ciprofloxacin	7
40	Mirelis, B. 1993⁵⁶	1989–1991	Spain	NR	NR	NR	Disk diffusion	Ciprofloxacin	4
41	Murray, P.R. 1993⁵⁷	NR	USA	5 hospitals	NR	NR	MIC	Ciprofloxacin	5
42	Ngo, N.D. 2020⁵⁸	2017–2018	Vietnam	Bach Mai Hospital	Wound swab	Naja bite	Disk diffusion	Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin	8
43	Pitout, J.D. 2008⁵⁹	2004–2007	Canada and Scotland	Calgary Laboratory Services	NR	NR	MIC	Ciprofloxacin	7
44	Prosser, B.L. 1995⁶⁰	1990	USA	51 hospital or medical center laboratories	NR	NR	MIC	Fleroxacin Ciprofloxacin Ofloxacin Lomefloxacin	6
45	Reeves, D.S. 1993⁶¹	NR	UK	Southmead Hospital	NR	NR	MIC agar dilution method	Ciprofloxacin	7
46	Rolston, K.V. 2002⁶²	NR	USA	NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center	Blood, sputum, other respiratory specimens, urine, wound, CSF, biliary fluid, etc	Cancer	MIC	Garenoxacin Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin Trovafloxacin	5
47	Schaumburg, F. 2022⁶³	2019–2020	Sierra Leone	Masanga Hospital	Wound swab	Wound originating from trauma, infection, burn or drug reaction	VITEK®2	Ciprofloxacin	6
48	Schmitz, F.J. 1999⁶⁴	1997–1998	Austria, Belgium, France, Germany Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, UK	20 hospitals	Blood, UTI, sputum	Bacteremia, respiratory infection, nosocomial pneumonia, wound infection, UTI	MIC	Levofloxacin Ofloxacin Ciprofloxacin	7
49	Senel, S. 2010⁶⁵	2004–2008	Turkey	Dr. Sami Ulus Children’s Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital	Urine	UTI	NR	Ciprofloxacin	7
50	Sheng, W.H. 2002¹²	1985–1986, 1989–1990, 1996–1997	Taiwan	National Taiwan University Hospital	Various	NR	MIC agar dilution method	Norfloxacin Ofloxacin Ciprofloxacin	7
51	Siegrist, H.H. 1999⁶⁶	1995–1996	Switzerland	12 clinical microbiology laboratories	Respiratory tract sample, blood, skin/wound swab, urine, others	Cancer	Disk diffusion	Levofloxacin	4
52	Wenzel, R.P. 2003⁶⁷	2000–2001	France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Canada, USA	TSN databases	NR	NR	MIC	Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin	6
53	Yee, Y.C. 1995⁶⁸	1990–1991	USA	Teaching and non-teaching community hospitals, university medical center, etc	NR	NR	MIC	Ciprofloxacin	4
54	Yefou, M.D. 2022⁶⁹	2008–2013	Cameroon	Yaoundé Central Hospital of Cameroon	Wound swab	Diabetic foot infection	NR	Ciprofloxacin	7

NR; Not report, MIC; Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, UTI; Urinary tract infections, ICU; Intensive care unit.

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Table 2 Characteristics of the studies.

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