Table 2 Univariate analyses of factors associated with myopia and AL-related VI among children and adolescents aged 4–18 years in 2022 (n, %).

From: Prevalence and associated factors of myopia and axial length-related visual impairment in children and adolescents aged 4–18 years

Variables

Sample size

Myopia

χ2

P

AL-related VI

χ2

P

Age (years)

  

348.24

< 0.01**

 

360.79

< 0.01**

 4–6

207 (7.98)

16 (7.73)

Linear correlation

< 0.01**

11 (5.31)

Linear correlation

< 0.01**

 7–9

371 (14.30)

134 (36.12)

330.91

99 (26.68)

353.04

 10–12

702 (27.05)

409 (58.26)

  

361 (51.42)

  

 13–18

1315 (50.67)

908 (69.05)

  

852 (64.79)

  

Sex

  

14.93

< 0.01**

 

0.15

0.70

 Male

1275 (49.13)

672 (52.71)

  

655 (51.37)

  

 Female

1320 (50.87)

795 (60.23)

  

668 (50.61)

  

Long distance reading time on electrics

  

6.85

< 0.01**

 

11.84

< 0.01**

 < 60 min

655 (25.24)

399 (60.92)

  

372 (56.79)

  

 ≥ 60 min

1940 (74.76)

1068 (55.05)

  

951 (49.02)

  

Near reading time on electrics

  

1.41

0.24

 

2.93

0.087

 < 60 min

300 (11.56)

160 (53.33)

  

139 (46.33)

  

 ≥ 60 min

2295 (88.44)

1307 (56.95)

  

1184 (51.59)

  

Near work time

  

11.86

< 0.01**

 

11.73

< 0.01**

 < 60 min

143 (5.51)

61 (42.66)

  

53 (37.06)

  

 ≥ 60 min

2452 (94.49)

1406 (57.34)

  

1270 (51.79)

  

Reading distance > 33 cm

  

5.42

0.02*

 

4.74

0.03*

 Yes

1330 (51.25)

716 (53.83)

  

642 (48.27)

  

 No

1114 (42.93)

652 (58.53)

  

587 (52.69)

  

 Deficiency

151 (5.82)

      

Know the 20-20-20 rule

  

7.22

< 0.01**

 

5.93

0.02*

 Yes

1120 (43.16)

660 (58.93)

  

594 (53.04)

  

 No

1292 (49.79)

691 (53.48)

  

621 (48.07)

  

 Deficiency

183 (7.05)

      

Daily reading posture

  

3.92

0.14

 

1.87

0.39

 Sit up

1727 (66.55)

964 (55.82)

  

862 (49.91)

  

 Lie prostrate

428 (16.49)

231 (53.97)

  

220 (51.40)

  

 Lie supine

313 (12.06)

191 (61.02)

  

169 (53.99)

  

 Deficiency

127(4.89)

      

Learning lighting

  

8.21

0.02*

 

9.92

< 0.01**

 Table lamp

320 (12.33)

169 (52.81)

  

149 (46.56)

  

 Roof light

697 (26.86)

367 (52.65)

  

327 (46.92)

  

 Desk lamp— Roof light

1477 (56.92)

864 (58.50)

  

786 (53.22)

  

 Deficiency

101 (3.89)

      

Desk arrangement

  

1.10

0.30

 

2.46

0.12

 Facing the window

724 (27.90)

417 (57.60)

  

384 (53.04)

  

 Away from the window

1675 (64.55)

926 (55.28)

  

830 (49.55)

  

 Deficiency

196 (7.55)

      

Parents with myopia

  

23.93

0.00**

 

33.55

0.00**

 Nobody

1306 (50.33)

682 (52.22)

  

598 (45.79)

  

 Only father with myopia

350 (13.49)

228 (65.14)

  

215 (61.43)

  

 Only mather with myopia

581 (22.39)

350 (60.24)

  

316 (54.39)

  

 All myopia

358 (13.80)

207 (57.82)

  

194 (54.19)

  

Total

2595 (100)

1467 (56.53)

  

1323 (50.98)

  
  1. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.
  2. (1) Long-distance reading time on electronics refers to the average total time that children spend watching medium- and long-distance electronic products such as projection screens and television screens each day, excluding the class time required by the school.
  3. (2) Near reading time on electronics refers to the average total time that children spend watching mobile phones, tablets, and other near work with digital device each day, excluding the class time required by the school.
  4. (3) Learning time at a close distance refers to the total eye-use time for children to read and do homework at home every day, excluding class time.
  5. (4) AL-related VI: anyone who was determined to be AL > 23.5 mm and naked eye visual acuity of < 5.0 in one eye.
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